Occurrence of two novel triazine-based flame retardants in an E-waste recycling area in South China: Implication for human exposure

Shen, Mingjie; Ge, Jiali; Lam, James C.W.; Zhu, Mingshan; Li, Juan; Zeng, Lixi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.264

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In Guiyu, for example, the daily dermal intake of gaseous BDE-47 and BDE-99 through air-mediated transfer by adults was estimated to be 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and 0.61 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, exceeding exposure via inhalation of both gaseous and particle-bound BDE-47 (0.55 ng/kg bw/day) and BDE-99 (0.33 ng/kg bw/day) (Wu et al, 2016a). Similar results were also reported by Shen et al (2019), who identified higher EDIs of NBFRs, TBBP-A, and HBCDDs through dermal absorption rather than dust ingestion for recyclers, local adults, and local children in Qingyuan, China (the same equation adopted by Abafe and Martincigh (2015) was used in this study). Moreover, there appears to date to have been no consideration of exposure via direct dermal contact with e-waste articles, which may be a significant omission given recent data demonstrating the importance of dermal exposure via direct contact with FR-treated fabrics (Abdallah and Harrad, 2018).…”

Section: Human Dermal Uptake Of Hfrs and Opfrs Arising From Informal E-waste Activitiessupporting

confidence: 85%

“…This figure was 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than exposure via dermal absorption of soil and soil ingestion of DBDPE, BTBPE, and DPs in the same area (Someya et al, 2016). Similar results were also reported in Qingyuan, China, where the estimated dietary intake of DBDPE, DPs, as well as α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD were about 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than dust ingestion for both adults and children (He et al, 2017;Huang et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2019).…”

Section: Variation In Relative Significance Of Different Exposure Pathways For Hfrs and Opfrssupporting

confidence: 79%

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Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Stubbings

Cline‐Cole

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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Section: Human Dermal Uptake Of Hfrs and Opfrs Arising From Informal E-waste Activitiessupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Variation In Relative Significance Of Different Exposure Pathways For Hfrs and Opfrssupporting

confidence: 79%

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Stubbings

Cline‐Cole

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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“…1). Similar composition profiles were also found in indoor dust collected in the UK, 64 France, 70 Germany, 90 the USA, 62 China 28 and Korea, 63 where α-HBCDD represented 46%, 44%, 55%, 63%, 68%, and 52% of ΣHBCDDs respectively. A higher proportion of α-HBCDD (63–67%) in OD was observed in China.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Concentrations and isomer profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in floor, elevated surface, and outdoor dust samples from Basrah, Iraq

Al-Omran

Stubbings

Harrad

2022

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…E-waste is considered hazardous substances because of the composition of heavy metals, ame retardants, and other substances (Tsydenova and Bengtsson 2011). Studies have identi ed sites where e-waste is recycled and its surrounding to be the key source of numerous escaped pollutants (Chen et al 2018;Shen et al 2019) and the concentration of related pollutants is more in urban areas (Huang et al 2013). However, in spite of the potential toxicity of pollutants that's becoming obvious data on their environmental happening and exposure to human still remains mainly unfamiliar (Li et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution of heavy metal threat posed by e-waste burning and its assessment of human health risk

Abubakar

Zangina

Maigari

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Improper treatment during recycling of e-waste materials by means of open burning is on the rise which has led to increase in air pollution. This study looked at heavy metal concentrations, concentration in relation to threshold values and assessment of risk for non-carcinogenic and cancer risk threat. MP-AES 4210 series instrument of Agilent technology, USA was used in analyzing the heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Pb) concentration. The result of the analysis at Kuka Bulukiya treatment point revealed Pb has the highest mean concentration of 0.0693 ppm, Cu 0.0525 ppm and Cd having 0.0042 ppm. The mean concentration at PRP G/Ruwa for Cd was found to be 0.0059 ppm, Cu was 0.0363 ppm and Pb was 0.049 ppm respectively. The result of the adult and children population calculated shows that the HQ and HI values are not up to 1 in all the pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal) at both treatment points (1.2 10 -4 and 9.8 10 -5 ) and (6.4 10 -4 and 5.9 10 -4 ) respectively. The cancer risk for Kuka Bulukiya 6 10 -10 and PRP G/Ruwa 5 10 -10 for adults and 7 10 -10 and 4 10 -10 for children were both lower than the threshold set for cancer risk by United States Environmental Protection Agency. This meant that both adults and children were not at risk of cancer and non-carcinogenic threat based on the assessment in this study. The study concluded that informal e-waste burning has substantially helped in the relatively high levels of air pollution identi ed in the treatment points and in turn posed environmental and public health concerns to people around the area. Climate change adaptation has to do with an environmentally friendly method of dismantling, extracting, refurbishing and recycling of valuable materials that should be at the forefront of policies that will be speci cally enacted on e-waste management in developing countries. If not the adverse effects on the environment, humans (damage reproductive, nervous system, kidney, liver, heart and also lead to birth defects and diseases) and animals will be enormous. Government should identify a suitable location for e-waste collection and treatment points to avert the danger posed to the agricultural practices at PRP G/Ruwa treatment point and the pond at Kuka Bulukiya treatment point. Samples of the vegetable products at PRP G/Ruwa treatment point should be investigated immediately and adequate restrictions and regulations should be enacted and enforced in order to safeguard the environment and the populace. There is need for caution from the authorities to avert the possible implications (e-waste extractors and the public) of being affected with non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic ailments over time.

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Occurrence of two novel triazine-based flame retardants in an E-waste recycling area in South China: Implication for human exposure

Cited by 25 publications

References 50 publications

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Concentrations and isomer profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in floor, elevated surface, and outdoor dust samples from Basrah, Iraq

Pollution of heavy metal threat posed by e-waste burning and its assessment of human health risk

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