Ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: Literature review

Abstract

In this review, a summary is presented of the main reports regarding the potential ocular manifestations of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Scientific evidence is based on letters to the editor, clinical cases and case series, cross-sectional, and a few longitudinal studies. To date, it includes viral conjunctivitis, immune conjunctivitis, and oculomotor palsies (OCP) due to the novel coronavirus. Retinopathy is discussed, but no cases have been published yet. A viral conjunctivitis outbreak can be isolated or associated with the systemic picture, mainly pulmonary, before or after the onset of respiratory symptoms. It can be both unilateral and bilateral, follicles are typical, and duration is variable between 5 and 21 days. Immune-mediated conjunctivitis consists of eye redness, together with erythroderma and fever. It appears more frequently in children, and has been associated with a “Kawasaki-like” disease and toxic shock syndrome. OCP can present on its own, or as part of Miller-Fisher syndrome, along with ataxia, and hyporeflexia. Ophthalmologists have a considerable risk of developing COVID-19 due to close contact with the patient, exposure to tears and eye secretions, and the use of various pieces of equipment and devices susceptible to contamination.

Risk Factors of Eye Complications in Patients Treated in the Intensive Care Unit

“…Although our study group did not include Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients, as the study was conducted before the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is likely that this group is even more exposed to numerous risk factors for ocular complications such as prolonged mechanical ventilation and hospitalization, non-invasive ventilation, prone positioning [15], and the often severe condition of the patients. Coronavirus disease-19 could also have ophthalmic manifestations [46][47][48].…”

Transparente Darstellung von Kasuistiken nach COVID-19-Erkrankung oder COVID-19-Impfung – eine zeitliche Koinzidenz

“…Die Mannigfaltigkeit der COVID-19-Erkrankung 1 wird anhand der direkten Zellinteraktion des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 nach Invasion über den Rezeptor Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-2 2 mit immunologischen und thromboembolischen Folgereaktionen erklärt 3 , 4 , wobei das Virus sich u. a. durch einen Neurotropismus auszeichnet, was vielseitige neurologische Symptome verursachen kann 5 . Manifestationen im Rahmen von COVID-19 sind für letztlich jede okuläre Struktur beschrieben worden 6 , 7 , 8 . So werden im Rahmen der Infektion u. a. Hirnnervenparese und Optikusneuritis 9 , 10 , 11 , orbitale Entzündung 12 , 13 , aber auch Uveitis 14 , Vaskulitis, Gefäßverschlüsse 15 , 16 oder mikrovaskuläre Veränderungen 17 , zu denen auch AMNR oder Paracentral acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM) gezählt werden 18 , beschrieben.…”

Inaktivált COVID-19-vakcina újabb lehetséges szemészeti mellékhatása

“…A COVID-19-pandémia új, eddig ismeretlen kihívások elé állítja a szemészeket is. Egyfelől maga a COVID-19-fertőzés is a szemészeti tünetek széles spektrumával jelentkezhet, a kötőhártya belövelltségétől, chemosisától kezdve (6), az agyidegbénulásokon át (8), akár az orbitacsúcs-szindrómáig (10, 1). Másfelől találkozhatunk számos szemet érintő oltási szövődménynyel is.…”