This paper explores whether natural resource abundance is a curse or a blessing. In order to do so, we …rstly develop a theory consistent econometric model, in which we show that there is a long run relationship between real income, the investment rate, and the real value of oil production. Secondly, we investigate the long-run (level) e¤ects of natural resource abundance on domestic output as well as the short-run (growth) e¤ects. Thirdly, we make use of a non-stationary panel approach which explicitly estimates the long-run relationships from annual data as opposed to the dynamic and static panel approaches which might in fact estimate the high-frequency relationships. Fourthly, we account for cross-country dependencies that arise potentially from oil price shocks and other unobserved common factors, and allow countries to respond di¤erently to these shocks. Finally, we explicitly recognize that there is a substantial heterogeneity in our sample, consisting of 53 oil exporting and importing countries with annual data between 1980-2006, and adopt the methodology developed by Pesaran (2006) for estimation. This approach considers di¤erent dynamics for each country and is consistent under both cross-sectional dependence and cross-country heterogeneity. We also check the robustness of these results by using the fully modi…ed OLS method of Pedroni (2000). Our non-stationary approach also allows for country-speci…c unobserved factors, such as social and human capital, to be captured in the …xed e¤ects and the heterogeneous trends together with any omitted factors. Our estimation results, using the real value of oil production, rent or reserves as a proxy for resource endowment, indicate that oil abundance is in fact a blessing and not a curse, exhibited through both the long-run and the short-run e¤ects.JEL Classi…cations: C23, O13, O40, Q32.