On the genesis of confidence.

Gill, Michael J.; Swann, William B.; Silvera, David H.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1101

Cited by 127 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Indeed, Tsai et al (in press) proposed that added information enhances confidence by enhancing the apparent coherence of the information. Gill et al (1998), on the other hand, suggested that added information affects confidence by enhancing the fluency with which a judgment is made (Kelley & Lindsay, 1993). Consistent with this suggestion is my finding in Experiment 2 that confidence in each of the answers increased with the speed with which an answer was chosen (see Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Finally, Table 2 also presents the correlations with decision time (in Phase 3), which are relevant to the proposition that the effects of information richness on confidence are due to increased fluency of processing (Gill et al, 1998;Tsai et al, in press; see also Benjamin & Bjork, 1996). The results suggest that items that allowed for a faster choice of an answer were associated with higher confidence, regardless of which answer was chosen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gill, Swann, and Silvera (1998) found that added information enhanced confidence in judgments, even when it did not improve their accuracy. Tsai et al (in press), who used a sequential information acquisition task, found that judges' confidence in their decisions rose steadily as additional information was presented, even though accuracy did not improve.…”

Section: University Of Haifa Haifa Israelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As is often noted, understanding the processes underlying confidence in a belief is important, because confidence affects whether people translate their beliefs into behavior (Gill et al, 1998;Goldsmith & Koriat, 2008;Hall et al, 2007). Indeed, in a recent study, I presented the 105 questions of to 60 participants under freerecognition instructions (see Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996): They would win 1 point for each correct answer and lose 1 point for each incorrect answer, but they could choose not to answer a question, in which case they would neither lose nor win anything (a monetary bonus was promised, depending on the number of points won).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When confidence in a choice is independent of which choice is made

Koriat

2008

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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), participants chose an answer to two-alternative general-information questions and indicated their confidence in that answer. Whereas previous studies focused on the determinants of the choice and, consequently, on the confidence in that choice, the present study examined a component of subjective confidence that correlates with properties of the items itself, no matter which answer is chosen.The item-based approach to the study of metacognitive judgments has proved useful in the past. According to this approach, some insight into the processes underlying metacognitive judgments and their accuracy can be gained by investigating systematic differences between memory items. This approach is based on the assumption that memory questions differ reliably in characteristics that are pertinent to metacognitive judgments, and that normative data, aggregated across participants, provide clues to the processes that occur within participants. Thus, in Koriat and Lieblich's (1977) study of the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states, word definitions were found to differ reliably in terms of two orthogonal dimensions: their likelihood of suggesting the correct memory target, and the extent to which they evoke a feeling of knowing (FOK). The analysis of items in terms of these dimensions provided information about the processes underlying FOK and TOT states, and laid the groundwork for Koriat's (1993) accessibility model of FOK judgments. Similarly, general-information questions were found to differ reliably in two properties among participants who provided an answer, and these properties predicted the magnitude and accuracy of FOK judgments among participants who failed to provide an answer to these questions (Koriat, 1995). Also, using two-alternative general-information questions, has documented a systematic correlation between subjective confidence in the answer and the percentage of participants who chose that answer: Consensually chosen answers elicited stronger confidence than nonconsensual answers, regardless of whether they were correct or wrong, implying that confidence is diagnostic of the correctness of the answer only when the consensually endorsed answer is the correct answer, as is generally the case. When the consensual answer was the wrong answer ("deceptive"; see Fischhoff, Slovic, & Lichtenstein, 1977), this answer was endorsed with stronger confidence. Similar findings were reported by Brewer and Sampaio (2006), who also used an item-based approach to study confidence in memory for sentences.The present study focuses on another item-based correlation that I have observed over the years across several sets of data. Consider the recent study of Koriat (2008) just mentioned: Participants answered 105 questions and expressed their confidence on a 50%-100% scale. The questions had been selected to represent a wide dispersion in terms of the likelihood that participants would choose the correct answer, so that for some questions the consensually chosen answer would be the wrong answer.For the present study, I reanaly...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: University Of Haifa Haifa Israelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When confidence in a choice is independent of which choice is made

Koriat

2008

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…Perhaps more important is that these effects can be explained in ways that have nothing to do with the ease with which photos bring thoughts and images to mind. One possibility is that people scanned the photos in search of details that seemed like Bevidence^for the claims at hand (Nickerson, 1998); another possibility is that people just felt more confident in claims when photos provided Bextra^related information (Gill, Swann, & Silvera, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonprobative photos rapidly lead people to believe claims about their own (and other people’s) pasts

et al. 2016

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Photos lead people to believe that both true and false events have happened to them, even when those photos provide no evidence that the events occurred. Research has shown that these nonprobative photos increase false beliefs when combined with misleading suggestions and repeated exposure to the photo or target event. We propose that photos exert similar effects without those factors, and test that proposition in five experiments. In Experiment 1, people saw the names of several animals and pretended to give food to or take food from each. Then people saw the animal names again, half with a photo of the animal and half alone, and decided whether they had an experience with each. The photos led people to believe they had experiences with the animals. Moreover, Experiments 2-5 provided evidence that photos exerted these effects by making it easier to bring related thoughts and images to mind-a feeling that people mistook as evidence of genuine experience. In each experiment, photos led people to believe positive claims about the past (but not negative claims), consistent with evidence that feelings of ease selectively increase positive judgments. Experiment 4 also showed that photos (like other manipulations of ease) bias people's judgments broadly, producing false beliefs about other people's pasts. Finally, in Experiment 5, photos exerted more powerful effects when they depicted unfamiliar animals, and thus could most help bring information to mind. These findings suggest that nonprobative photos can distort the past without other factors that encourage false beliefs, and that they operate by helping related thoughts and images come to mind.

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Clark¹,

Lemay²

2010

Handbook of Social Psychology

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On the genesis of confidence.

Cited by 127 publications

References 53 publications

When confidence in a choice is independent of which choice is made

When confidence in a choice is independent of which choice is made

Nonprobative photos rapidly lead people to believe claims about their own (and other people’s) pasts

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