On the influence of second use, future battery technologies, and battery lifetime on the maximum recycled content of future electric vehicle batteries in Europe

Abdelbaky, Mohammad; Peeters, Jef; Dewulf, Wim

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.032

Cited by 91 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Normally, SB involves electrodes, anode, and another cathode, electrolytes, dividers, and cases. SB has remarkable qualities like high energy [167,168], power density, leveled discharge, less resistance, small memory result, and a good range of performance in temperature. However, almost all batteries include toxic elements.…”

Section: Systematic Review Of Recent Development In Besssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

et al. 2021

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The increase of electric vehicles (EVs), environmental concerns, energy preservation, battery selection, and characteristics have demonstrated the headway of EV development. It is known that the battery units require special considerations because of their nature of temperature sensitivity, aging effects, degradation, cost, and sustainability. Hence, EV advancement is currently concerned where batteries are the energy accumulating infers for EVs. This paper discusses recent trends and developments in battery deployment for EVs. Systematic reviews on explicit energy, state-of-charge, thermal efficiency, energy productivity, life cycle, battery size, market revenue, security, and commerciality are provided. The review includes battery-based energy storage advances and their development, characterizations, qualities of power transformation, and evaluation measures with advantages and burdens for EV applications. This study offers a guide for better battery selection based on exceptional performance proposed for traction applications (e.g., BEVs and HEVs), considering EV’s advancement subjected to sustainability issues, such as resource depletion and the release in the environment of ozone and carbon-damaging substances. This study also provides a case study on an aging assessment for the different types of batteries investigated. The case study targeted lithium-ion battery cells and how aging analysis can be influenced by factors such as ambient temperature, cell temperature, and charging and discharging currents. These parameters showed considerable impacts on life cycle numbers, as a capacity fading of 18.42%, between 25–65 °C was observed. Finally, future trends and demand of the lithium-ion batteries market could increase by 11% and 65%, between 2020–2025, for light-duty and heavy-duty EVs.

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Section: Systematic Review Of Recent Development In Besssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

et al. 2021

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“…Market demand and sales of electric vehicles (EVs) are soaring. There were 11 million registered EVs on the road worldwide by the end of 2021 (Abdelbaky et al, 2021). According to the projection, the share of EVs in the European and North American markets will be around 50% and 30% by 2030, respectively (Rezaeimozafar et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An aggregator-based dynamic pricing mechanism and optimal scheduling scheme for the electric vehicle charging

et al. 2023

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High penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in an uncontrolled manner could have disruptive impacts on the power grid, however, such impacts could be mitigated through an EV demand response program. The successful implementation of an efficient, effective, and aggregated demand response from EV charging depends on the incentive pricing mechanism and the load shifting protocols. In this study, a genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization model is developed to generate hourly dynamic Time-of-Use electricity tariffs and facilitate the decision making in load scheduling. As an illustrative example, a case study was carried out to examine the effect of applying demand response for EVs in Beijing, China. With the assumptions made, the maximum peak load can be reduced by 9.8% and the maximum customer savings for the EVs owners can reach 11.85%, compared to the business-as-usual case.

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“…The model of Abdelbaky, proves that the inventory and scrap volume of lithium-ion batteries in the EU will increase significantly with the development of electric vehicles in 2040, and emphasizes the importance of achieving closed-loop recycling of lithium resources [23]. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of power batteries in China mostly focuses on the acquisition and use of raw materials, and there are few LCA studies on the scrap recycling of power batteries, or extremely simple models are used to simplify calculations [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electric Vehicles’ Recycling Process to Carbon Neutrality Mission in China Tends to Be Negative: Depending on the Technology Transition

Zhang¹,

Xue²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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While electric vehicles are widely used, the number of waste lithium-ion batteries is increasing. The recycling and reproduction of materials with high environmental load is the key to the sustainable development of the electric vehicle power battery industry. This study conducted the life cycle assessment of CO 2 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NO x emissions in the recycling stage of electric vehicles in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. The relevant conclusions are: electric energy makes a great contribution to pollutant emission. When taking 1 kg as functional unit, the emissions of SO 2 and NO x in the recovery process of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) power battery are lower than those of Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery, while CO 2 and PM 2.5 are opposite. When taking 1 kWh as the functional unit, NMC power battery has better recovery and emission reduction effect than LFP, because it has higher mass and energy density. In particular, the recovery of active materials plays a significant role in NMC battery emission reduction. For CO 2 , recycling does not bring better effects on emission reduction. To achieve carbon neutrality, the recycling process must be optimized. However, for PM 2.5 , SO 2 , and NO x , recycling can in turn help reduce emissions in the production process, and the value is more obvious.

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On the influence of second use, future battery technologies, and battery lifetime on the maximum recycled content of future electric vehicle batteries in Europe

Cited by 91 publications

References 29 publications

Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

An aggregator-based dynamic pricing mechanism and optimal scheduling scheme for the electric vehicle charging

The Electric Vehicles’ Recycling Process to Carbon Neutrality Mission in China Tends to Be Negative: Depending on the Technology Transition

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