On the inverse miniemulsion copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide, N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) and methacrylic acid

Abstract

The kinetics of free-radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide (AAm), N; N 0 -methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) and methacrylic acid (MA) in the inverse water/monomer/cyclohexane/Tween 85 miniemulsion was investigated. Polymerizable sterically-stable miniemulsions were formulated in cyclohexane as a continuous medium. Polymerizations are very fast and reach the nal conversion within several minutes. The dependence of the polymerization rate vs. conversion is described by a curve with two nonstationary rate intervals. The maximum rate of polymerization slightly increases with increasing concentration of crosslinking monomer (MBA) and strongly decreases by the addition of MA. The rate of polymerization is inversely proportional to the 0.9 th and 1.8 th power of the particle concentration without and with MA, respectively. The number of polymer particles is inversely proportional to the 0.18 th and 0.13 th power of MBA concentration. The kinetic and colloidal parameters of the miniemulsion polymerization are discussed in terms of microemulsion polymerization model.

Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: An Update

“…This amount of surfactant is much higher than what is commonly employed in noninverse miniemulsions (typically 5–15 wt % relative to the dispersed phase). However, high surfactant levels are often employed for polymerizations (both CLRP and nonliving) in inverse miniemulsions ,,,, (not always) and in these cases appear to be a requirement to obtain satisfactory colloidal stability.…”

Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers

“…Homopolymers of crosslinked polymethacrylic acid [17], polyacrylic acid, i.e., poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) [18–20], and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [18,21] were synthesized in inverse w/o miniemulsions. The polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate could be performed in inverse miniemulsion with a surface active initiator or an oil-soluble initiator.…”

Mathematical Modeling of Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization of Acrylamide with an Oil-Soluble Initiator

“…The possible explanations for n ̅ < 0.5 are radical desorption and termination in the oil phase decreases radical entry into the particles. Capek 19,20 has also observed n ≪ 0.5 in his experiments and explained it by the high rate of chain transfer to monomer, which can generate small species that can desorb from the particles.…”

“…The literature addresses the inverse polymerization of acrylamide with respect to heterogeneous synthesis, − monitoring, , and kinetics − reasonably well. Despite the increasing and promising applications of inverse latexes, there are few studies focused on the mathematical modeling of miniemulsion inverse polymerization, particularly of acrylamide (AAm).…”