On the rheology of refractive-index-matched, non-Newtonian blood-analog fluids for PIV experiments

Najjari, Mohammad Reza; Hinke, Jessica A.; Bulusu, Kartik V.; Plesniak, Michael W.

doi:10.1007/s00348-016-2185-x

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For example, the shear thinning and viscoelastic behaviour of blood is often modelled by adding xanthan gum, and the further addition of NaI or sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) can be used to reduce the viscosity of the resultant xanthan gum mixtures (Najjari et al 2016).…”

Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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Experimental techniques based on optical measurement principles have experienced significant growth in recent decades. They are able to provide detailed information with high-spatiotemporal resolution on important scalar (e.g., temperature, concentration, and phase) and vector (e.g., velocity) fields in single-phase or multiphase flows, as well as interfacial characteristics in the latter, which has been instrumental to step-changes in our fundamental understanding of these flows, and the development and validation of advanced models with ever-improving predictive accuracy and reliability. Relevant techniques rely upon well-established optical methods such as direct photography, laser-induced fluorescence, laser Doppler velocimetry/phase Doppler anemometry, particle image/tracking velocimetry, and variants thereof. The accuracy of the resulting data depends on numerous factors including, importantly, the refractive indices of the solids and liquids used. The best results are obtained when the observational materials have closely matched refractive indices, including test-section walls, liquid phases, and any suspended particles. This paper reviews solid–liquid and solid–liquid–liquid refractive-index-matched systems employed in different fields, e.g., multiphase flows, turbomachinery, bio-fluid flows, with an emphasis on liquid–liquid systems. The refractive indices of various aqueous and organic phases found in the literature span the range 1.330–1.620 and 1.251–1.637, respectively, allowing the identification of appropriate combinations to match selected transparent or translucent plastics/polymers, glasses, or custom materials in single-phase liquid or multiphase liquid–liquid flow systems. In addition, the refractive indices of fluids can be further tuned with the use of additives, which also allows for the matching of important flow similarity parameters such as density and viscosity

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Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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“…To increase the RI of a 60/40 water glycerol solution, sodium iodide (NaI) is often added because it increases index but does not change the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (Long et al 2005;Yousif et al 2011;Najjari et al 2016). However, NaI is expensive, corrosive to equipment, and can cause discoloration of material upon direct contact (Yousif et al 2011;Bai and Katz 2014;Najjari et al 2016). NaCl has also been used to increase the index of refraction of water-glycerol, but this increases the solution viscosity above that of blood (Shuib et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NaCl has also been used to increase the index of refraction of water-glycerol, but this increases the solution viscosity above that of blood (Shuib et al 2010). Najjari et al (2016) tested sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) as additives to water-glycerol, but safety of both chemicals is a concern, particularly when heated. Other proposed Newtonian blood analog solutions include a mixture of ethanol and diethylphthalate (Nguyen 2004) and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and glycerol (Bale-Glickman et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density- and viscosity-matched Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood-analog solutions with PDMS refractive index

2018

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Optical imaging is commonly used to investigate biological flows and cardiovascular disease using compliant silicone polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 geometries. However, selecting the working fluid with blood density and viscosity, and PDMS index of refraction (RI) for such experiments is challenging. Currently, water-glycerol is commonly used and sodium iodide (NaI) often added to increase the index of refraction without changing fluid viscosity. But the resulting fluid density is well above blood. Moreover, NaI is expensive, has safety and material discoloration concerns, and has been reported to affect non-Newtonian fluid behavior. Here, we present a new blood analog alternative based on urea. Urea is approximately five to fifteen times less expensive than NaI, safe and easy to handle, optically clear, and causes no discoloration. Water-glycerol-urea solutions, unlike those with NaI, simultaneously matched the density and viscosity of blood and RI of PDMS. Water-xylitol and water-xylitol-urea solutions are also possible blood analog solutions. Xanthan gum (XG)-water-glycerol non-Newtonian solutions maintained similar viscoelastic properties throughout the range of weight percent (about 15-25%) of urea and NaI used here. The results showed that the XG weight percent affected viscoelastic properties more than the weight percent of urea or NaI tested in this study. Overall, we demonstrate urea is useful for PDMS blood analog experiments and should also be considered as an inexpensive additive, and an alternative to NaI.

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“…A broad overview of possible liquid-liquid, as well as solid-liquid refractive index matching possibilities, is given in the works of Budwig (1994) and Wright et al (2017). Furthermore, recently several approaches have been made using refractive indexmatched systems not only to gain optical accessibility, but also to mimic special application cases like specific rheology for blood (Najjari et al 2016;Brindise et al 2018), high-density differences or for a buoyant jet (Clément et al 2018;Krohn et al 2018).…”

Section: Camentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive index matching (RIM) using double-binary liquid–liquid mixtures

et al. 2020

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For using microscopic multiphase flows in microreactors, an exact understanding of the underlying hydrodynamic interrelations is key for successful reactor layout and reaction control. To examine the local hydrodynamic behavior, non-invasive optical measurements techniques like particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) or micro particle image velocimetry (µPIV) are the methods of choice, since they provide precise velocity measurement with excellent spatial resolution. Such optical approaches require refractive index matching (RIM) of the involved flow phases to prevent optical distortion due to light refraction and reflection at the interfaces. Established RIM approaches often provide a single degree of freedom, which is sufficient to solely match the refractive index (RI) of the flow phases. Using these approaches, the material properties (Oh number) are fixed and the relevant dimensionless numbers (Ca, Re) may only be altered hydrodynamically or geometrically. To avoid expansive geometric scaling of the microchannels, we propose an approach using two binary mixtures (doublebinary mixtures) to introduce an additional degree of freedom. The approach allows examining liquid-liquid two-phase flows at a distinct velocity while being able to change the material properties (Oh number). Thus, Ca and Re can be chosen individually and the proposed RIM-approach provides undisturbed optical access. Furthermore, we present four different binary mixtures, which allow to vary the viscosity ratio of the phases. The relevant material parameters are successfully correlated to measurement data, which delivers a system of equations that determines the mass fractions and the velocities to address Re and Ca individually. A proof-of-principle for the proposed double-binary mixture RIM-approach is successfully established using µPIV raw images.

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On the rheology of refractive-index-matched, non-Newtonian blood-analog fluids for PIV experiments

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

Density- and viscosity-matched Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood-analog solutions with PDMS refractive index

Refractive index matching (RIM) using double-binary liquid–liquid mixtures

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