On the robustness, effectiveness and reliability of chemical and mechanical heat pumps for low-temperature heat source district heating: A comparative simulation-based analysis and evaluation

Thermal modeling and operating tests for the gas engine-driven heat pump systems

“…These systems are used in domestic hot water applications, heating of swimming pools and space conditioning [1][2][3][4][5]. They are in two main types of absorption and vapor compression heat pumps [6]. Heat pumps with vapor compression refrigeration cycle include two low (evaporator) and high (condenser) temperature levels.…”

Advances in Organic Liquid‐Gas Chemical Heat Pumps

“…In the meantime, however, some disadvantages become obvious, such as complicated operation, high investment cost, by-product formation, catalyst deactivation, and limited industrial applications [6]. Within CHPs, inorganic and organic systems are also up against the different circumstances.…”

“…An organic reaction system contains hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon derivates, e.g., isopropanol/acetone, tert-butanol/isobutene, cyclohexane/benzene, and paraldehyde/acetaldehyde (Pa/A) systems. Solid-gas CHPs normally employ an inorganic reaction system and comprise reactor (or adsorber), condenser, and evaporator, while liquidgas CHPs generally employ an organic reaction system and include at least two reactors (endothermic and exothermic) and other components like condenser, separator, and heat exchanger [6]. In a CHP system, the reactors where the heat and mass transfer, chemical reaction, absorption, and desorption take place, are the most critical components.…”

Trends of European research and development in district heating technologies

“…The COP of absorption heat pumps ranges between 1.7 and 2.3 for two-stage systems. Absorption heat pumps require high temperature steam, gases or water as a lower heat source [51,52].…”