On the soldering techniques of gold objects from the Boma site, Xinjiang, China

Yang, Fan; Rehren, Thilo; Kang, Ping; Liu, Siran; Chen, Kunlong

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102572

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This technique creates tiny and fine joints and perfect surface, being considered as an innovation of Syrian, Anatolian (Trojan) and Mesopotamian craftsmen [10] and reached its peak in the hands of the Etruscans in northern Italy from 8th to 4th Century BCE. Copper salt granulation was also found on the ornaments decorated with granulation unearthed in Boma site, Xinjiang, China, 3rd to 5th CE [11].…”

Section: Copper Salt Solderingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Transmission and innovation on gold granulation: the application of tin for soldering techniques in ancient China

Shi

Wen

Li³

et al. 2022

Herit Sci

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Granulation, an ancient metal processing technique mainly applied to gold, has originated from West Asia, and later appeared at many different archaeological sites across the Eurasia. The distribution of granulated gold ornaments bearing diverse soldering techniques reveal the long-distance human interaction across the Eurasia. This paper presents the scientific analysis of the surface morphology and elemental composition of two granulated gold ornaments from Tushan Tomb No.2 pit in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, which approximately dated to the first century CE of Han Dynasty. Multiple non-destructive analytical methods including Ultra-Depth Three-Dimensional Microscope, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were conducted to obtain analytical data. The result indicates that tin-participated soldering technique has been adopted to accomplish the granulation. Although the usage of tin has been mentioned in a former study as “a secret of Etruscan granulation”, the lack of quantitative analyses leaves this assumption unconvinced. Our findings on Tushan ornaments throw light on this issue by illustrating the regular distribution pattern of the tin content at the joints, which appears to be intentionally added for certain amount. Although tiny in size, the gold granules record the secret of soldering techniques used in China and many other regions across the Eurasia during the ancient time, complementing the study of granulation techniques and reflecting the transmission and innovation along with the technological and cultural contacts.

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Section: Copper Salt Solderingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Transmission and innovation on gold granulation: the application of tin for soldering techniques in ancient China

Shi

Wen

Li³

et al. 2022

Herit Sci

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“…The latter, due to many months of besiegement, captured the Tauric Chersonesos and forced the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to give him the Byzantine Princess Anna (Eckert & Stacey, 2000;Røpke,2009). This happened in 988, the year when the Grand Duchess Olga and Volodymyr himself were baptized, and later the entire Kyiv-Rus family of Grand Dukes of the Rurik dynasty (Yang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Features Of the Fashion Of The Byzantine Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kyivan Rus Kolts with enamels and Niello: genesis, sources of inspiration, iconography, attribution issues

et al. 2021

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Kolts of the Kyivan Rus era is a Ukrainian goldsmiths' brand, personification of the highest achievements of artistic thought of the then jewelers, behind which you can feel the huge inner spiritual culture of the masters and their professional impeccable knowledge of materials and techniques. At the same time, the ability of Kyivan Rus authors to crystallize their own domestic style is striking. Its special refinement indicates the deep knowledge the local people had of the best creative achievements of the artistic ecumene, awareness of many of the then fashionable trends of jewelry art in Europe and the East. Currently a significant part of the available artifacts from the heritage of jewelers of the Kyivan Rus era requires verification. After all, using a low level of provenance, individual collections announce fake or “modified” or reconstructed kolts to be the real pre-Ukrainian ones. In this regard, the factors of professional art history attribution are extremely important, though they are not widely used in the circles of archeologists, historians, and local history museum specialists.

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Experimental simulation of the ancient production of gold granules

Tan,

Yang,

2024

Herit Sci

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Granulation is an ancient and sophisticated decorative technique. The production of granules is a crucial part of this process but has rarely been studied. The present study employed three techniques—pouring method, heating method, and crucible method—to produce gold granules. The success ratio of granule formation, granule surface morphology, microstructure, and formation were analyzed to identify the techniques used in archaeological objects. The cooling medium significantly influenced small granule formation, microstructure, and grain size. Both heating and crucible methods could control the granule formation, but these methods produced distinct microstructures. Based on these experimental granules, the probable production methods of ancient gold balls were identified. The present study provided microscopic information for determining ancient gold granule production techniques.

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On the soldering techniques of gold objects from the Boma site, Xinjiang, China

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Transmission and innovation on gold granulation: the application of tin for soldering techniques in ancient China

Transmission and innovation on gold granulation: the application of tin for soldering techniques in ancient China

Kyivan Rus Kolts with enamels and Niello: genesis, sources of inspiration, iconography, attribution issues

Experimental simulation of the ancient production of gold granules

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