On the stability and composition of oxide layers on pre-treated titanium

Mertens, Tobias; Kollek, H.

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.03.007

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Figure 3 shows the colorations of the specimen surfaces after the anodizing procedures due to the interference effect. 27,28 Depending on the anodic voltages, the surface follows a chromatic scale and varies from golden to dark yellow violet color after anodizing at voltages between 10 V and 60 V in the sulfuric acid. For the phosphoric acid, dark golden to pale yellow color are displayed after anodizing from 10 V to 60 V. Figure 4 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the anodic films formed by anodizing at voltages from 10 V to 60 V in the sulfuric and phosphoric acids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Liu

Zhong

Walton

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In the present study, potentiodynamic polarization scans followed by potentiostat anodizing tests have been employed to generate the anodic oxide films on commercially pure Ti in 1 M sulfuric acid and 1 M phosphoric acid. The highly stable single-barrier anodic films with a growth ratio of ∼1.5 nm V −1 (sulfuric acid) or ∼1.7 nm V −1 (phosphoric acid) were generated at the anodic voltages from 10 V to 60 V. During the potentiostatic anodizing, the anodic film was formed after the growth of the passive oxide film in the potentiodynamic polarization stage. Oxygen evolution proceeded within both the polarization and the anodizing stages, resulting in the suppression of the current efficiency for the growth of anodic films. The oxygen bubbles were induced by the amorphous-to-crystalline transition within the anodic film, leading to the formation of blister textures. Significant rupture of the anodic film was found that started at 20 V of the anodizing processes in the sulfuric acid; conversely, the significant rupture was started at 50 V in the phosphoric acid. The XRD results indicated that the degree of amorphous-to-crystalline transition in the anodic film formed in the phosphoric acid was less than the film formed in the sulfuric acid. The phosphate titanium oxide layers detected by XPS in the phosphoric acid indicated that more degrees of the amorphous-to-crystalline transition might be inhibited compared with the sulfated titanium oxides found in the sulfuric acid. Titanium can be anodized in acidic and basic solutions under potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions. In view of the variation of titanium anodizing conditions, it is possible to tailor the anodic film thickness formed on the surface of titanium.1 The coloration of the oxide film produced through anodic oxidation is indicative of the thickness. This relation between color and thickness of the oxide is dependent on the anodizing condition and the nature of the electrolyte. Further, the thickness of the anodic oxide layer has been shown to be a linear function of the applied voltage.2-5 The anodic oxide film on titanium is basically amorphous in crystal structure and morphologically homogeneous.6 Moreover, such an oxide layer provides excellent resistance to corrosion as indicated electrochemically by a low level of electronic conductivity, 7 thermodynamically great stability 8 and low ion-formation tendency in aqueous environments. 9 The growth of the oxide thickness results in systemic changes of the surface topography, particularly in the surface pore configuration, 10 whereas electrolyte derived anion incorporation into oxide films will modify the chemical composition as well as the crystal structure. [11][12][13] It is generally known that titanium behaves as a typical valve metal for which oxide growth involves field-assisted migration of ions through the films and for the thickness to follow Faraday's law. [14][15][16] Further, the growth constant values of the anodic film are variable according to many academics. 17,18 It is reported that a...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Liu

Zhong

Walton

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The performance of FMLs is heavily dependent on the strength of the interface between the fiber-reinforced composites and metal sheets [ 6 ]. So far, many studies have concentrated on metal layer surface treatment technologies such as acid etching [ 7 , 8 ], sandblasting [ 9 , 10 ], and anodization [ 11 , 12 ]. Additionally, there are numerous reports on resin modification by adding nano-reinforcements to improve the composite performance [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically Grafting Carbon Nanotubes onto Carbon Fibers for Enhancing Interfacial Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate

Liu

et al. 2020

Materials

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This paper primarily investigates the effects of chemically grafted modified carbon fibers on the bonding properties of fiber metal laminates (FMLs). Relative elemental content on the carbon fibers’ surface was performed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the material microstructure. The effect of chemically grafted carbon fibers on the bond strengths of FMLs was experimentally investigated through lap joint testing. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grafting concentration and curing conditions of the samples were also investigated. The test results demonstrate that grafting concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/mL CNT solution increased the bond strength of the cured samples under vacuum conditions by 63.51%, 87.16%, and 71.56%, respectively. In addition, the bond strengths of vacuum-cured samples were also increased.

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“…Yet, carbon residues are transferred from the reinforcement windows during the pretreatment process, possibly impeding an even greater effect. Sensitivity of titanium surfaces to moisture ingress is known -in particular wet-chemically treated interfaces [13,17] -and poor adhesion properties of the underlying hybrid beams is further decreased by a supercritical silicone concentration [37] after wet-chemical treatment and plasma post treatment. Considering the above described delamination properties of z-reinforced joints after hot/wet exposure, these findings are at first sight contradicting respective SERR values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The co-bonding process being considered requires the metal substrate surface only to be pretreated, since before both curing and curing/bonding cycle, the respective polymer laminate is in an uncured state. Various techniques were developed for an enhanced longterm durable adhesion on titanium and stainless steel [12][13][14][15][16]. Surfaces were successfully nano-structured by wet-chemical processes like alkaline etching and anodizing, leading to an improved bonding behaviour.…”

Section: Interfacial Phenomena In Metallic Z-reinforced Cfrp Joints Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial phenomena in metallic z-reinforced CFRP joints after hygrothermal ageing

Jürgens¹

2017

Zeitschrift Kunststofftechnik

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On the stability and composition of oxide layers on pre-treated titanium

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Chemically Grafting Carbon Nanotubes onto Carbon Fibers for Enhancing Interfacial Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate

Interfacial phenomena in metallic z-reinforced CFRP joints after hygrothermal ageing

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