On the Use of LoRaWAN in Smart Cities: A Study With Blocking Interference

Marquez, Luz E.; Osorio, Alfonso; Calle, María; Vélez, Juan C.; Serrano, Adela; Candelo-Becerra, John E.

doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2962976

Cited by 36 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Specifically, previous literature evaluated LoRa range, obtaining up to 30 km for boat communications and 15 km for car communications [40], up to 8 km (but losing many packets) and up to 4 km (losing a few packets) within urban environments [41], up to 500 m for very dense-vegetation environments [42] and a radius coverage of 1.8 km for a soil monitoring system in agriculture by means of LoRa devices with worse performance in terms of sensitivity than the ones used in this article [43]. Besides range, LoRa and LoRaWAN have other features that are attractive for smart irrigation deployments: their energy consumption is relative low (RX current is usually around 10 mA, while deep-sleep current is under 200 nA), its robustness against interference has been proven [44,45], transceiver cost is also low (less than US$ 8, as of writing) and there is no need to pay monthly fees to a mobile carrier. Nonetheless, developers must note that LoRa and LoRaWAN have not been devised to transfer large data payloads fast (the theoretical maximum data rate is usually 50 Kbps for LoRa and 27 Kbps for LoRaWAN) and they make use of Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) bands, so interference may arise from other devices that operate in the same radio frequency.…”

Section: Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of an IoT Smart Irrigation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on LoRa and LoRaWAN Sensor Nodes

Froiz-Míguez

López-Iturri

Fraga‐Lamas

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Climate change is driving new solutions to manage water more efficiently. Such solutions involve the development of smart irrigation systems where Internet of Things (IoT) nodes are deployed throughout large areas. In addition, in the mentioned areas, wireless communications can be difficult due to the presence of obstacles and metallic objects that block electromagnetic wave propagation totally or partially. This article details the development of a smart irrigation system able to cover large urban areas thanks to the use of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) sensor nodes based on LoRa and LoRaWAN. IoT nodes collect soil temperature/moisture and air temperature data, and control water supply autonomously, either by making use of fog computing gateways or by relying on remote commands sent from a cloud. Since the selection of IoT node and gateway locations is essential to have good connectivity and to reduce energy consumption, this article uses an in-house 3D-ray launching radio-planning tool to determine the best locations in real scenarios. Specifically, this paper provides details on the modeling of a university campus, which includes elements like buildings, roads, green areas, or vehicles. In such a scenario, simulations and empirical measurements were performed for two different testbeds: a LoRaWAN testbed that operates at 868 MHz and a testbed based on LoRa with 433 MHz transceivers. All the measurements agree with the simulation results, showing the impact of shadowing effects and material features (e.g., permittivity, conductivity) in the electromagnetic propagation of near-ground and underground LoRaWAN communications. Higher RF power levels are observed for 433 MHz due to the higher transmitted power level and the lower radio propagation losses, and even in the worst gateway location, the received power level is higher than the sensitivity threshold (−148 dBm). Regarding water consumption, the provided estimations indicate that the proposed smart irrigation system is able to reduce roughly 23% of the amount of used water just by considering weather forecasts. The obtained results provide useful guidelines for future smart irrigation developers and show the radio planning tool accuracy, which allows for optimizing the sensor network topology and the overall performance of the network in terms of coverage, cost, and energy consumption.

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Section: Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of an IoT Smart Irrigation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on LoRa and LoRaWAN Sensor Nodes

Froiz-Míguez

López-Iturri

Fraga‐Lamas

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Currently, LoRa devices are used in various IoT applications to address some of the world’s biggest challenges ranging from smart cities [ 125 ], transportation [ 126 ], energy management [ 127 ], health monitoring [ 128 ], pollution control [ 129 ] and smart farming [ 130 ].…”

Section: Low Power Wide Area Network (Lpwans) Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey and Comparative Study of LoRa-Enabled Simulators for Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks

Idris

Karunathilake

Förster

2022

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most important emerging technologies, spanning a myriad of possible applications, especially with the increasing number and variety of connected devices. Several network simulation tools have been developed with widely varying focuses and used in many research fields. Thus, it is critical to simulate the work of such systems and applications before actual deployment. This paper explores the landscape of available IoT and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) simulators and compares their performance using the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) communication technology called LoRa (Long Range), which has recently gained a lot of interest. Using a systematic approach, we present a chronological survey of available IoT and WSNs simulation tools. With this, we categorized and content-analyzed published scientific papers in the IoT and WSNs simulation tools research domain by highlighting the simulation tools, study type, scope of study and performance measures of the studies. Next, we present an overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its architecture, transmission parameters, device classes and available simulation tools. Furthermore, we discussed three popular open-source simulation tools/frameworks, namely, NS-3, OMNeT++ (FLoRa) and LoRaSim, for the simulation of LoRa/LoRaWAN networks. Finally, we evaluate their performance in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), CPU utilization, memory usage, execution time and the number of collisions.

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“…In order to guarantee the validity of the derived capturing failure probability in (26), it is necessary to investigate the convergence of the power series expansion by providing sufficient conditions that ensure its convergence. Similar to the previous section, it is considered that both the desired and the interfering signal(s) experience the Rician fading environment.…”

Section: Convergence Radiusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inter-system interference will lead to an increased capturing failure probability. The performance degradation can be avoided by some mechanisms [25][26][27]. However, such mechanisms need to estimate or exchange information about parameters of the other systems such as transmission time and transmission interval.…”

Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Array antenna equipped UAV‐BS for efficient low power WSN and its theoretical analysis

Lumbantoruan

Adachi

2021

IET Communications

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In a wireless sensor network consisting of a large number of sensor nodes (SNs), an efficient communication scheme is crucial to boost data collection efficiency. Furthermore, SN is required to communicate by the low transmission power to prolong its battery life. However, SNs located at the edge of the communication area may fall into the outage as the signal-to-noise power ratio fails to surpass a certain threshold. Moreover, signal collision due to the interferers may deteriorate the packet delivery rate. An unmanned aerial vehicle-base station (UAV-BS) is an attractive solution to lower outage probability and enhance communication efficiency. Here, outage probability and capturing failure probability performance of a rotational angle division multiple access (RADMA), which is realized by UAV-BS with an array antenna, are analytically evaluated. The numerical performance evaluation is conducted to elucidate the performance improvement of RADMA under low power wide-area network setup. Numerical simulation results show that RADMA can suppress the packet loss ratio 77%, shorten the transmission time 25%, and reduce the required transmission energy 20%. Recently, low power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies are gaining a lot of interest due to its low power and large transmission coverage to support the Internet-of-things (IoT) with limited power supply. A long-range wide-area networkThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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On the Use of LoRaWAN in Smart Cities: A Study With Blocking Interference

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of an IoT Smart Irrigation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on LoRa and LoRaWAN Sensor Nodes

Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of an IoT Smart Irrigation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on LoRa and LoRaWAN Sensor Nodes

Survey and Comparative Study of LoRa-Enabled Simulators for Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks

Array antenna equipped UAV‐BS for efficient low power WSN and its theoretical analysis

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