One academic year laboratory and student breathing zone formaldehyde level, measured by gas-piston hand pump at gross anatomy laboratory, Siriraj Hospital, Thailand

Durongphan, Anuch; Amornmettajit, Nutchaya; Rungruang, Jarun; Nitimanee, Eakkapong; Panichareon, Benjaporn

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08199-0

Cited by 10 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Also, the high formaldehyde content in conventional embalming solution is toxic because of its carcinogenicity. 7,8 Coleman and Kogan introduced a saturated salt solution embalming cadaver (SSS). The cadaver had excellent dissection properties and well-preserved histological structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Comparative Study of Submerge vs. Non- Submerg Saturated Salt Solution Human Cadavers Embalming Method by Gross, Histological, and Microbiological Evaluation

Durongphan

Chongkolwatana²,

Ngamskulrungroj³

et al. 2022

Siriraj Med J

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Objective: To investigate and develop the saturated salt embalming method and evaluate the cadavers.Materials and Methods: Eight cadavers were embalmed with a saturated salt solution (SSS) by submerged (SG, N=2) and non-submerged (NSG, N=6), then evaluated by gross dissection, which compared to living humans, fresh and Thiel’s cadavers. The histological evaluation was compared to textbook pictures. The assessments were recorded on a Likert scale from 0 (no resemblance) to 5 (most resemblance). Pre-and post-embalming swabs were collected for bacterial and fungal cultures and lung tissues for acid-fast staining and mycobacterial cultures. Comparisons between the evaluated items were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Likert scale results were reported by percentage.Results: The submerge method (N=2) was terminated after three months of embalming because it showed insufficient quality for dissection. Six cadavers in NSG had gross tissue qualities that resembled living humans or fresh cadavers on a scale of 3 or 4. NSG had excellent joint flexibility. The histological tissues showed similarity to textbook pictures, with a scale of 4 or 5. There were bacterial and fungal cultures at the end of embalming. The pathogenic bacteria were Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mycobacterium cultures were negative.Conclusion: Injected SSS, 80% total body water volume, is a promising embalming method that yields cadavers with high tissue quality, flexible joints, and good histological structures. However, this technique cannot eliminate bacteria and normal flora. It may result from the tropical climate setting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Comparative Study of Submerge vs. Non- Submerg Saturated Salt Solution Human Cadavers Embalming Method by Gross, Histological, and Microbiological Evaluation

Durongphan

Chongkolwatana²,

Ngamskulrungroj³

et al. 2022

Siriraj Med J

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“…The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 2 ppm 15-min STEL and 0.75 ppm 8-h TWA (OSHA 2018). Formaldehyde levels in our previous study mostly exceeded these standards (Durongphan et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system is the general ventilation and contains 54 ceiling grille diffusers and 81 return air grilles on the oor. The HVAC layout is in our prior publication (Durongphan et al 2020).A cadaver was placed on a stainless-steel dissection table with hinged split covers. There were four tables per zone and four medical students per table (Fig.…”

Section: Laboratory Details Formaldehyde Source and Changed Parameter...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The important changes between the academic year 2018 and 2019 were rearranging the table location and opening the dissection table covers. The tables were relocated from zone 1-5 to 2-6 because we had found that zone 1A-D had low air ow within zones compared to other areas (Durongphan et al 2020). Moreover, we hypothesized that the dissection table per area might affect the return air grille velocity.…”

Section: Laboratory Details Formaldehyde Source and Changed Parameter...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we applied the hierarchy of controls of NIOSH, an engineering control (NIOSH 2015a, b) by redistributing dissection tables and opening the dissection table covers all day and night, which are the factors we found in our previous studies that may be associated with decreased formaldehyde levels. We measured their effects and compared the result to previously published baseline data (Durongphan et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Enhanced Formaldehyde Clearance by Applying the NIOSH Hierarchy of Controls in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Durongphan

Rungruang

Nitimanee

et al. 2022

Preprint

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To date, no learning method substitutes cadaver dissection, but formaldehyde exposure is a significant health concern in the gross anatomy laboratory. Our 2018 study found that most formaldehyde levels in the breathing zone (S-level) and environment (R-level) during laboratory sessions at the Faculty of Medicine of Siriraj Hospital exceed ceiling standards. In this study, we enhanced engineering control of the NIOSH hierarchy of controls by removing the intervening factors of formaldehyde clearance by increasing the area per table and opening the covers of the dissection table, then measuring the ceiling levels by formaldehyde detector tube with a gas-piston hand pump. The analyses excluded the 2018 perineum region data because of the laboratory closure from the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019. There were statistically significant differences between the 2018 and 2019 S-levels (p< 0.001) and R-levels (p<0.001). The mean S-level decreased by 64.18% from 1.34 ± 0.71 ppm to 0.48 ± 0.26 ppm, and the mean R-level decreased by 70.18% from (0.57 ± 0.27 ppm) to (0.17± 0.09 ppm). The trend of the 2019 level is similar to our 2018 study, unlike other published studies showing high formaldehyde levels in the body cavity. The highest formaldehyde level in 2019 was the S-level in the body wall region (1.04 ± 0.3 ppm), followed by the S-level in the abdominal region (0.56 ± 0.08 ppm), and the spinal cord removal region (0.51 ± 0.29 ppm). All 2019 formaldehyde levels passed the OSHA 15 min STEL standard (2 ppm). The R-level in the special sense region (0.06 ± 0.02 ppm) passed the NIOSH 15-min ceiling limit (0.1 ppm). Three 2019 levels were very close: the R-level in the head-neck region (0.11 ± 0.08 ppm), the abdominal region (0.11 ± 0.08), the body wall region (0.14 ± 0.12 ppm), and the S-level in the special sense region (0.12 ± 0.04 ppm). The lower formaldehyde level in 2019 reflects that extensive analysis of individual laboratory formaldehyde clearance defects and correcting them by applying the NIOSH hierarchy of controls is an effective measure.

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Formaldehyde exposure and atmospheric biomonitoring with lichen Cladonia verticillaris in an anatomy laboratory

Silva

Nunes

Costa

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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One academic year laboratory and student breathing zone formaldehyde level, measured by gas-piston hand pump at gross anatomy laboratory, Siriraj Hospital, Thailand

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

A Pilot Comparative Study of Submerge vs. Non- Submerg Saturated Salt Solution Human Cadavers Embalming Method by Gross, Histological, and Microbiological Evaluation

A Pilot Comparative Study of Submerge vs. Non- Submerg Saturated Salt Solution Human Cadavers Embalming Method by Gross, Histological, and Microbiological Evaluation

The Effects of Enhanced Formaldehyde Clearance by Applying the NIOSH Hierarchy of Controls in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Formaldehyde exposure and atmospheric biomonitoring with lichen Cladonia verticillaris in an anatomy laboratory

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