We develop a unified framework to characterize one-shot transformations of dynamical quantum resources in terms of resource quantifiers, establishing universal conditions for exact and approximate transformations in general resource theories. Our framework encompasses all dynamical resources represented as quantum channels, including those with a specific structure -such as boxes, assemblages, and measurements -thus immediately applying in a vast range of physical settings. For the particularly important manipulation tasks of distillation and dilution, we tighten the bounds further and show that our conditions become necessary and sufficient for broad classes of important theories. This enables an exact characterization of these fundamental tasks and establishes a precise connection between operational problems and resource monotones based on entropic divergences. We exemplify our results by considering explicit applications to: quantum communication, where we obtain exact expressions for one-shot quantum capacity and simulation cost assisted by no-signalling, separability-preserving, and positive partial transpose-preserving codes; as well as to nonlocality, contextuality, and measurement incompatibility, where we present an operational application of a number of relevant resource measures.