One-Step Combinatorial Strategy for Optimization of Antibiotics With Plant Extract Against Drug Resistant Clinical Bacteria

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most worrying health problems worldwide, antimicrobial research with reference to medicinal plants is a growing domain, likewise the synergism between plant extract and antibiotics. The present study seeks to propose and develop uses a simple, safe, less time consuming, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategic synthetic methods to overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria using ethnopharmacological approach with conventional antibiotics. Concentrated sulphuric acid and 10% sodium hydroxide were used in combinatorial synthesis of Calotropis procera extract with Amoxicillin and Ampicillin.to validate the positive results obtain in stage one,Piliostigma reticulatum extract was combine with 100 µg/mL of azithromycin and again with 100 µg/ml of ampicillin with 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL and 0.3 mL of the acid to validate and a different bacteria strain was also introduced. Higher inhibitions zone were observed at 16.7 mm for salmonella spp, 16.4 mm shigella spp, 16.8 mm S. aureus, 21.3 mm E.coli and 22.4 mm streptococusat situations where antibiotics inhibitions zones was 0 mm. The results obtained shows that acid combinatorial synthesis of antibiotic with plant extract successfully overcame the resistance threat poses by the clinical bacteria isolates as compared to earlier versions, thus shows that synergistic effects on resistant bacteria can not only be achieved in situation where the antibiotics have already shown some degree of antibacterial activity on the tested pathogens but also in little concentrations were the antibiotic does not show antimicrobial activities.

Molecular Modification of Co-Trimoxazole, Tetracycline, Aspirin in Combination With Psidium Guajava and Syzygium Aromaticum for Treatment of Clinical Resistant Salmonella Infection : Case Study Kakuri Nigeria.

“…Ac2 also displayed a good inhibition, the clarity of it zone cannot be effectively compared to the referenced drug ciprofloxacin due to the inhibition size diameter away from the disk edge. Sc1 and Ag2 show excellent inhibition of salmonella spp with clearer zones of inhibition better than twice the concentration of ciprofloxacin C20, ciprofloxacin have showed to be 3 times better and effective in bacteria inhibition as compared to tetracycline, co-trimoxazole (IDEXXLaboratories, 2019), thus can be further proven by their concentrations in purchased high profile negative antibiotic disk (Gideon and Ladan, 2022), and also from the result obtained from this work. The absence of inhibition shown by A10, T10, S10, Gu, Cl, Agu, Tgu, Sgu, Tcl, Scl, Ag1, Tg1, Sg1, Ac1, Tc1, Tg2, Sg2, Tc2, Sc2, Ag3, Tg3, Sg3, Ac3, Tc3 and Sc3 were possibly due to lower concentration of the reacting antimicrobials, in similarity with (Gideon and Ladan, 2022) were 1 mg/mL of ampicillin combine with Calotropis procera extract inhibits resistant salmonella spp, but when the concentration was reduced to 100 µg for ampicillin combine with Piliostigma reticulatum extract, and azithromycin combine with Piliostigma reticulatum showed no inhibition to salmonella spp, or may be due to the usage of both the plant water extract phytochemicals and the antibiotic active sites in possible molecular modification of the drugs leading to structure extension through functional group link or linking structure or creating additional functional group(s), varying their ring size(s), or possible adjustment of substituents groups which are not of therapeutic value to the newly synthesize compound.…”