For centuries plant extract has been used for treatments of various diseases, medicinal plants has also been the source of many active components of prescribe drugs. Drug resistant Salmonella infections has been of growing concern in Nigeria due to regular dosing by self-medication. The aim of this work is to identify a novel compounds with potentially improved antimicrobial activities by molecular modification of ineffective antibiotics and non-antibiotics using aqueous plant extract for the treatment of resistant salmonella spp at lower concentration. Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin at 10 µg/mL were synthetically combine with water extract of Cloves and Guava leaves in three different stages using concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide, 31 antimicrobial disk were prepared and tested on salmonella spp. Scl, a one-step combination of co-trimoxazole with clove extract, Ac2 a two-step combinatorial synthesis of aspirin with clove extract, Ag2 a two-step combinatorial synthesis of Aspirin with guava leave extract were all susceptible to resistant salmonella spp with clear zones of inhibition at 10 µg/mL better than Ciprofloxacin at 20 µg/mL. no inhibition shown by A10, T10, S10, Gu, Cl, Agu, Tgu, Sgu, Tcl, Scl, Ag1, Tg1, Sg1, Ac1, Tc1, Tg2, Sg2, Tc2, Sc2, Ag3, Tg3, Sg3, Ac3, Tc3 and Sc3. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which combine synthetically with both clove and guava extract to give a carrier product with desired antimicrobial properties, hence the need for isolation purification and further clinical trials.
Factors such as Mutation, Gene transfer, Inappropriate use and Diagnostics, and prescription of antibiotics to persistent patient which are yet undiagnosed has significantly led to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria, which is now hampering our ability in treat infections, and with the decline in development of new antibiotics, scientist and research keep trying to develop/proposed some synergistic combinations of antibiotic with medicinal plant extracts in an effort to boost their antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacteria. This work aim to develop a cocktail regimen which will be highly susceptible to confirmed drug resistant clinical isolate of Salmonella spp using Tetracycline, Co-trimoxazole, Aspirin, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum extract alongside minimizing toxicity potential. Twenty four (24) different combinations were made from 10 g/mL of Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin each with each clove extract and separately again with guava extract, Eighteen (18) out of the 24 were combined in three different stages (6 each) using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate(vi)acid (H2SO4) and 0.1Molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 31 antimicrobial disks were prepared and tested on Salmonella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test reveals that Scl, a stage 1 combination of Co-trimoxaazole with clove extract, Ac2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and clove extract, Ag2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and guava leave extract were all susceptible to the confirmed resistant isolate of Salmonella spp. Ag2 had the best zone of inhibition better than Ciprofloxacin inhibition zone at 20 g/mL. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which favourably combines with both clove and guava extract to give a desired cocktail regimen with potential antimicrobial characteristics, hence, the need to identify the compounds obtained in this combinations, isolates, and purify their active principles, and subjected to other pharmacological test to ascertain if they can be used to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.
For centuries, plant extract has been used for treatments of various diseases, medicinal plants has been a source of many active components of prescribe drugs. Drug resistant Salmonella infections is of growing concern in Nigeria due to regular dosing by self-medication. The aim of this work is to identify a novel compounds with potentially improved antimicrobial activities by molecular modification of ineffective antibiotics and non-antibiotics using aqueous plant extract for the treatment of resistant salmonella spp at lower concentration. Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin at 10 μg/mL were synthetically combine with water extract of Cloves and Guava leaves in three different stages using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate(vi)acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 31 antimicrobial disk were prepared and tested on salmonella spp. Scl, a one-step combination of co-trimoxazole with clove extract, Ac2 a two-step combinatorial synthesis of aspirin with clove extract, Ag2 a two-step combinatorial synthesis of Aspirin with guava leave extract were all susceptible to resistant salmonella spp with clear zones of inhibition at 10 μg/mL better than Ciprofloxacin at 20 μg/mL. no inhibition shown by A10, T10, S10, Gu, Cl, Agu, Tgu, Sgu, Tcl, Scl, Ag1, Tg1, Sg1, Ac1, Tc1, Tg2, Sg2, Tc2, Sc2, Ag3, Tg3, Sg3, Ac3, Tc3 and Sc3. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which combine synthetically with both clove and guava extract to give a carrier product with desired antimicrobial properties, hence the need for isolation purification and further clinical trials.
For centuries, plant extract has been used for treatments of various diseases, medicinal plants has been a source of many active components of prescribe drugs. Drug resistant Salmonella infections is of growing concern in Nigeria. The aim of this work is this work is to develop a strategy for which acetylsalicylic acid a non-antibiotic can be repurpose to function as an antimicrobial agent by it combination with either Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum extract at lower concentrations of both combining agent that will not be sufficient to inhibit salmonella spp growth individually before combination, to develop a mixture with antimicrobial property that can be able to compete with ciprofloxacin inhibition against Salmonella spp. Eighteen (18) combinations of three drugs (Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin) each with Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract and separately again with Psidium quajava (guava) extract in three different stages using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate(vi)acid (H2SO4) and 0.1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 31 antimicrobial disk were prepared and tested on salmonella spp. The antimicrobial test at lower concentrations reveals that Scl, a one-step combination of Co-trimoxaazole with clove extract, Ac2, a two-step combination of aspirin and clove extract, Ag2, a two-step combination of Aspirin and guava leave extract were all susceptible to resistant salmonella spp with clear zones of inhibition at 10 µg better than Ciprofloxacin at 20 µg. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which favourably combines with both clove and guava extract to give a carrier product with potential antimicrobial characteristics, this method can also be explored to identify novel compounds, isolates, and purify their active principles for to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria also in antiviral and anticancer research to overcome enormous health challenges.
Inorganic fertilizer can cause substantial environmental harm, fertilizer industries has never been involved in the valorisation of renewable resources. Residual biomass such as postharvest residues can be converted to fertilizer or substituted for some of the raw materials in fertilizer production. This study aims to develop eco-friendly and cost effective methods in which residual plant biomass can be instantaneously converted to organic fertilizer, and to compare it effect on the growth, development and yield on maize plants cultivation to NPK 20:10:5 and Rabbit manure, taking into account the organic fertilizer yield and conversion time as compared biochar and compost. Three different organic fertilizer (fertilizer A, B and C) were prepared using a combination of eleven (11) residual dry plant biomass and were formulated using calcium hydroxide, clay soil and thiourea for application on maize plant. Fertilizer C promote plant growth and development with better nutrient release compared to NPK 20:10:5, it was best when 11% by mass of thiourea was added with excellent yield above all sample used. Fertilizer C also showed higher residual organic matter compared to both NPK and manure, thus, showing that rapid and slow release of nutrient can be achieved without impacting the soil as the residual organic matter (carbon rich material) slowly decomposed. This study concluded that, the treatment given to agricultural plant residue determine its ability to be use in soil fertility and soil amendment, although there is need for more cost effective approach that will directly increase the nitrogen content in the organic fertilizer and to obtain a nutrient balance fertilizer.
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