“…On the other hand, Sullivan (2012) commented that social media are increasingly being 'occupied' by officials working for propaganda departments and security bureaus in order to curtail activities of opposition groups like environmental NGOs and anticorruption movements. Furthermore, literature indicates that in China, social media are monitored by government in order to 'gauge the water', that is, to measure, shape and suppress public opinions (Cairns & Carlson, 2016;Guo & Jiang, 2015;Xu, 2015;G. Yang, 2009), especially during natural disasters (Deng, Liu, Deng, & Zhang, 2015;White & Fu, 2012) or diplomatic incidents (Cairns & Carlson, 2016;Jiang, 2016).…”