Online conductivity and stability in the emulsion polymerization of <i>N</i>‐butyl methacrylate: Nonreactive versus reactive systems

Zhao, Funian; Sudol, E. David; Daniels, Eric S.; Klein, A.; El‐Aasser, M. S.

doi:10.1002/app.36431

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The initial conductimetric data obtained from the emulsion polymerization of butadiene exhibited an interesting behavior that was different from the behavior expected. One of the differences was related to the beginning of the reaction at which conductivity has an ascending behavior, while the other experiments performed in our previous study and the results reported in the literature showed that the beginning of the reaction is associated with a decrease in conductivity . The other important difference was regarding the status of the minimum of conductivity such that the minimum occurs within a short period of time, unlike the other emulsion polymerizations.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…The conductimetric data reported in the literature for emulsion polymerizations containing an ionic surfactant and an ionic initiator show that the beginning of the reaction is associated with a decrease in conductivity because the nucleation and growth of the particles result in the absorption of the surfactant and initiator from the aqueous phase . The reported data represent that conductivity passes a minimum and begins to rise because of the dominance of coagulation over the nucleation and growth of the particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The obtained results have shown that the conductivity measurement can be used to continuously track the evolution of the number of particles, and the total surface area of particles . In recent studies, a new approach has been offered to evaluate the stability of the reaction mixture by measuring conductivity using two types of conductivity sensors with different measurement principles. Nevertheless, there are several practical limitations in continuously measuring conductivity mostly resulting from fouling .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a better understanding of the emulsion polymerization of butadiene. I. Continuous conductivity measurements

Fadaee

Tabrizi

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Continuous conductivity measurements were performed during the batch emulsion polymerization of butadiene along with kinetic and particle size measurements. The critical monomer conversion was obtained around 55% and the rate of polymerization was correlated to the surfactant concentration with an exponent of 0.35 which was not in agreement with the exponent offered by Smith and Ewart. In addition, the evolution of some particle‐related quantities such as particle size and number of particles during the three intervals of the emulsion polymerization and their agreements with Smith‐Ewart mechanism were investigated. The behavior of conductivity in the emulsion polymerization of butadiene normally containing a buffering agent was found to be completely different from the unbuffered one. Comparison of the conductivity profiles with the kinetic and particle‐related quantities represented that the conductivity of the reaction mixture is very sensitive to the changes in the particle size so that any small change in the forms of nucleation, growth, and coagulation is clearly observed in the conductivity profiles. Furthermore, the conductimetric data are capable of determining some important points during the polymerization such as the beginning of the reaction that can be important from the industrial process control point of view. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45262.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a better understanding of the emulsion polymerization of butadiene. I. Continuous conductivity measurements

Fadaee

Tabrizi

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…An advantage of the redox initiator system is that free radicals can be generated from reduction–oxidation reactions at low temperatures. In this research, a model emulsion system comprised of n ‐butyl methacrylate ( n ‐BMA), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), water, and other ingredients was used to study the difference in nucleation mechanism between redox and thermal initiators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isothermal emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate with KPS and redox initiators: Nucleation

Wang

Daniels

El‐Aasser

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Nucleation is a very important stage of emulsion polymerization due to its significant influence on the latex particle diameter, particle diameter distribution, and molecular weight. In this study, we evaluated the effect of thermal and redox initiators on the nucleation and reaction kinetics with a model emulsion system comprised of n-butyl methacrylate, sodium lauryl sulfate, water, initiators, and other additives. Our previous study has demonstrated that a micellar nucleation mechanism plays a role in both initiator systems. In the present study, we further explored secondary nucleation using these two types of initiator systems, that is, homogeneous nucleation, which exists in the redox-initiated process, and micellar nucleation which is the main nucleation mechanism for the thermal-initiated system. The investigation also illustrates that coagulative nucleation in the redox-initiated emulsion system results in a greater extent of monodispersed particle diameter distributions, much smaller particle diameters, and lower molecular weights for the final latex.

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“…Emulsion stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist changes in its physicochemical properties over time . A wide variety of different methods have been developed to determine emulsion stability, including visual inspection, photodensitometry, centrifugation, electrical conductivity, droplet counting, light scattering, droplet lifetime, and others . These important analytical methods including their operating principles and range of application are well reviewed by McClements .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A real‐time impedance‐sensing chip for the detection of emulsion phase separation

et al. 2013

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This paper describes a novel real-time impedance chip for the detection of squalene-water emulsion phase separation. Each impedance chip contains eight pairs of indium tin oxide microelectrode arrays for detecting eight samples, and six chips can be connected with the switch relay to measure 48 samples in the system simultaneously. The proposed impedance chip has the advantages of needing only a small sample volume (0.5 mL), and provides parallel, continuous, and real-time detection. The effects of the surfactant concentration on the stability of a squalene/water emulsion were studied by means of a visual inspection, a conductance probe, and by impedance chip. Three different concentrations of Tween 20 surfactant (9, 17, and 29 wt%) were employed for the examinations. The results indicated that the phase separation rate was faster in the lower surfactant concentration. However, the emulsion of 29 wt% Tween 20 was fairly stable for more than 2 days since there were no signal changes according to the three detection methods. The reaction time (TR) for completing the measured phase separation process differed for each of the three methods (measuring aqueous phase height, conductance, and impedance, respectively). For the 9 wt% Tween 20, the reaction times were 24 h, 20 min, and 5 min in the tests using visual inspection, conductance probe, and impedance chip, respectively. For the 17 wt% Tween 20, the TR was also shorter when using the impedance chip method compared to the other two methods. Therefore the proposed impedance chip has a quick reaction response and provides an alternative and effective method to detect emulsion stability.

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Online conductivity and stability in the emulsion polymerization of N‐butyl methacrylate: Nonreactive versus reactive systems

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Toward a better understanding of the emulsion polymerization of butadiene. I. Continuous conductivity measurements

Toward a better understanding of the emulsion polymerization of butadiene. I. Continuous conductivity measurements

Isothermal emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate with KPS and redox initiators: Nucleation

A real‐time impedance‐sensing chip for the detection of emulsion phase separation

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