Online coupling of ultraviolet titanium dioxide film reactor with poly(methyl methacrylate) solid phase extraction–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation of trace heavy metals in freshwater

Review of the application of quantum dots in the heavy-metal detection

“…At present, there are many analysis methods for detection of heavy-metal ions, including atomic absorption spectrometry (ASS) (Porento et al 2011;Uluozlu et al 2010;Sanchez-Moreno et al 2010;Tariba, Pizent, and Kljakovia-Gaspic 2011), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (Boukraa et al 2006;Saracoglu et al 2006;Tokman and Akman 2004;Feist et al 2012;Sereshti et al 2012), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Zoorob, McKiernan, and Caruso 1998;Caruso et al 2003;Shih et al 2011;Trujillo et al 2012), high-performance liquid chromatography (Nolan and Lippard 2008;Liu, Lam, and Wong 2006), and enzymatic inhibition method (Hua and Lu 2003;Shyuan et al 2008;Ghica and Brett. 2008;Fragoso et al 2011;Chen et al 2011).…”

Preconcentration of lead using solidification of floating organic drop and its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

“…Avoiding chemical interference becomes a particularly difficult task in the analysis of complex matrices, such as wastewater, river water, food samples, and vegetables. Preconcentration and separation techniques, such as liquid–liquid extraction [13] , ion exchange [14] , co-precipitation [15] and solid phase extraction (SPE) [16,17] , could solve these problems, leading to a higher confidence level and an easy determinations of the trace elements. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages and should be chosen according to the analytical problem.…”