Operating the world's largest lead/acid battery energy storage system

Rodriguez, George D.; Spindler, W.C.; Carr, Dodd S.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(90)80083-p

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The system was installed as a demonstration project and performed a large number of services including peak shaving, load leveling, load following, spinning reserve, frequency control, voltage and reactive power control, and black-start operations. The system operated with 72% overall efficiency and used leadeacid cells that were warranted for a minimum of 2000 deep discharge cycles [32,33]. The battery performance met expectations and demonstrated the potential of large-scale PbeA systems.…”

Section: Existing Installationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Selection of battery technology to support grid-integrated renewable electricity

Leadbetter

Swan

2012

Journal of Power Sources

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Existing Installationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Selection of battery technology to support grid-integrated renewable electricity

Leadbetter

Swan

2012

Journal of Power Sources

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Table 2 provides system volume, while Table 3 provides the C&C cost. (b) 2011, LCE Energy [24] Lead acid Chino 16 (c) 1990, Rodrigues [25] Lead acid estimated 22.5 (d) 2020, ITP Renewables [26] Zinc-hybrid cathode 17 2018, EoS [27] (a) Used 100 Wh/L for lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS). (b) Large-scale system Wh/L assumed to be 60% of the 9.6 kWh module.…”

Section: Construction and Commissioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Energy Storage Cost and Performance Characteristics

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The energy storage industry has expanded globally as costs continue to fall and opportunities in consumer, transportation, and grid applications are defined. As the rapid evolution of the industry continues, it has become increasingly important to understand how varying technologies compare in terms of cost and performance. This paper defines and evaluates cost and performance parameters of six battery energy storage technologies (BESS)—lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, redox flow batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, sodium-metal halide batteries, and zinc-hybrid cathode batteries—four non-BESS storage systems—pumped storage hydropower, flywheels, compressed air energy storage, and ultracapacitors—and combustion turbines. Cost and performance information was compiled based on an extensive literature review, conversations with vendors and stakeholders, and costs of systems procured at sites across the United States. Detailed cost and performance estimates are presented for 2018 and projected out to 2025. Annualized costs were also calculated for each technology.

show abstract

Batteries

Berndt¹,

Spahrbier²

2001

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Fundamental Laws 3.1. Equilibrium or Thermodynamic Parameters 3.2. Current Flow, Kinetic Parameters 3.2.1. Electron Transfer 3.2.2. Tafel Lines 3.2.3. Influence of Temperature 3.3. Heat Effects 3.3.1. Reversible Heat Effect 3.3.2. Current Related Heat Effects (Joule Effect) 3.3.3. Heat Generation in Total 3.4. Heating of the Battery 4. Battery Properties and Characteristics 4.1. Cell and Battery 4.1.1. Active Material 4.1.1.1. Change of Volume 4.1.1.2. Change of Electrode Structure 4.1.2. Nonactive Components 4.1.2.1. Conducting Components 4.1.2.2. Nonconducting Components 4.2. Battery Parameters 4.2.1. Voltage 4.2.2. Capacity 4.2.2.1. Secondary Batteries 4.2.2.2. Primary Batteries 4.2.3. Energy Content 4.2.4. Internal Resistance and Power Output 4.2.5. Charge Parameters 4.2.6. Self‐Discharge 4.2.6.1. Mixed Potential 4.2.6.2. Further Self‐Discharge Mechanisms 4.2.6.3. Apparent Self‐Discharge 4.2.6.4. Capacity Loss During Storage 5. Classification of Battery Systems 5.1. Classification by Electrolyte 5.2. Classification by Construction 5.2.1. External Construction 5.2.2. Internal Construction 6. Primary Batteries, Systems, and Application 6.1. Systems Employing an Aqueous Electrolyte 6.1.1. Batteries with Weak Acid Electrolyte 6.1.1.1. Carbon ‐ Zinc Systems 6.1.1.1.1. General 6.1.1.1.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.1.1.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.1.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications 6.1.1.1.5. Prospects 6.1.1.2. Air ‐ Zinc System 6.1.1.2.1. General 6.1.1.2.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.1.2.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.1.2.4. Batteries and Their Applications 6.1.1.2.5. Prospects 6.1.2. Batteries with “Neutral Electrolyte” 6.1.3. Batteries with Alkaline Electrolyte 6.1.3.1. Manganese Dioxide ‐ Zinc System 6.1.3.1.1. General 6.1.3.1.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.3.1.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.3.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications 6.1.3.1.5. Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Dioxide ‐ Zinc System 6.1.3.1.6. Prospects 6.1.3.2. Silver Oxide ‐ Zinc System 6.1.3.2.1. General 6.1.3.2.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.3.2.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.3.2.4. Batteries and Their Application 6.1.3.2.5. Prospects 6.1.3.3. Mercuric Oxide ‐ Zinc System 6.1.3.3.1. General 6.1.3.3.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.3.3.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.3.3.4. Batteries and Application 6.1.3.3.5. Prospects 6.1.3.4. Alkaline Air ‐ Zinc System 6.1.3.4.1. General 6.1.3.4.2. Electrochemistry 6.1.3.4.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.1.3.4.4. Air Access Opening: Its Seal and Diffusion Resistance 6.1.3.4.5. Batteries and Their Application 6.1.3.4.6. Prospects 6.2. Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolyte 6.2.1. Batteries with Organic Electrolyte 6.2.1.1. Manganese Dioxide ‐ Lithium System 6.2.1.1.1. General 6.2.1.1.2. Electrochemistry 6.2.1.1.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.2.1.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications 6.2.1.1.5. Prospects 6.2.1.2. Carbon Poly‐monofluoride ‐ Lithium System 6.2.1.2.1. General 6.2.1.2.2. Electrochemistry 6.2.1.2.3. System‐Immanent Properties 6.2.1.2.4. Batteries and Their Applications

show abstract

Operating the world's largest lead/acid battery energy storage system

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Selection of battery technology to support grid-integrated renewable electricity

Selection of battery technology to support grid-integrated renewable electricity

An Evaluation of Energy Storage Cost and Performance Characteristics

Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About