Opportunities for Nanomedicine in Clostridioides difficile Infection

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile, a spore-forming bacterium, is a nosocomial infectious pathogen which can be found in animals as well. Although various antibiotics and disinfectants were developed, C. difficile infection (CDI) remains a serious health problem. C. difficile spores have complex structures and dormant characteristics that contribute to their resistance to harsh environments, successful transmission and recurrence. C. difficile spores can germinate quickly after being exposed to bile acid and co-germinant in a suitable environment. The vegetative cells produce endospores, and the mature spores are released from the hosts for dissemination of the pathogen. Therefore, concurrent elimination of C. difficile vegetative cells and inhibition of spore germination is essential for effective control of CDI. This review focused on the molecular pathogenesis of CDI and new trends in targeting both spores and vegetative cells of this pathogen, as well as the potential contribution of nanotechnologies for the effective management of CDI.

Beneficial Effect of Wound Dressings Containing Silver and Silver Nanoparticles in Wound Healing—From Experimental Studies to Clinical Practice

“…The authors believe that this may limit their use in oral therapy in most cases, but further research is necessary, especially in the context of their use i.e., clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which is often characterized by disturbed gut microbiota. Studies show that nanoparticles can kill vegetative forms of Clostridioides difficile or Bacillus subtilis, while managing the toxins produced by these bacteria [ 21 ].…”

Introduction to the Special Issue on Clostridioides difficile

“…Finally, in a review article, Shieh and coworkers described the current state of our knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of CDI and the perspectives of the application of nanotechnologies for the management of CDI, including advantages and limitations. This review highlighted the great potential of nanomedicine as a novel strategy in the future management of CDI [20].…”