Optical Waveguides Formed by Thermal Migration of Ions in Glass

Giallorenzi, T. G.; West, E. J.; Kirk, Russell D.; Ginther, R. J.; Andrews, Roger

doi:10.1364/ao.12.001240

Cited by 187 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The ion-exchange process has been used for strengthening [6,7] of glasses as well as for making graded index lens [8]. Thus, the present research can help clarify the phenomenon of ion-exchange for strengthening also, although the process there is conducted below the glass transition temperature where the glass is not strictly in a thermodynamic equilibrium state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali glasses

Lezzi

Tomozawa

2010

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali glasses

Lezzi

Tomozawa

2010

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…Ion exchange is one of the most important and thorough researched techniques for fabrication of channel waveguides in glasses [245,246]. Its underlying principle is similar to that of ion indiffusion, with the concentration gradient of ions being the force that drives the whole process.…”

Section: Ion-exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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“…Since the 70s, optoelectronics and waveguide technology exploited the refractive index increase given by the presence of Ag + ions in glass for fabricating planar and channel light waveguides, and it is worth noting that, starting from the pioneering works by Izawa [5] and Giallorenzi [6], the number of published papers dealing with the use of silver for this purpose rapidly increased, and has since then remained almost constant through the last 4 decades, indicating that there has always been room for further improvements in both the basic science and the application aspects of Agbased waveguides [7][8][9][10]. Nowadays, glass optical devices containing Ag waveguiding regions are commonly fabricated by the ion-exchange technique, and novel reviews on the topic have been also uninterruptedly published [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Properties Of Silver-doped Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver doping of glasses

Gonella

2015

Ceramics International

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Optical Waveguides Formed by Thermal Migration of Ions in Glass

Cited by 187 publications

References 7 publications

Enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali glasses

Enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali glasses

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Silver doping of glasses

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