Optimization and Analysis of a High Power Density and Fault Tolerant Starter–Generator for Aircraft Application

Wang, Bo; Vakil, Gaurang; Liu, Ye; Yang, Tao; Zhang, Zhuoran; Gerada, Chris

doi:10.3390/en14010113

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Wang et al [246] compare numerous six-phase PMSM designs with FSCWs for a faulttolerant aircraft starter generator. A multi-objective optimization process based on a genetic algorithm is employed for selecting the optimum design.…”

Section: Chronological Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this purpose, in general the recommendations given in Section 5.3.2 for phase SC faults can also be applied in this situation. In fact, most of the publications that address machine design under switch SCs also study the scenario of stator SCs [99,130,240,[242][243][244][245][246][247], and they have, thus, already been reviewed in Section 5.3.2.…”

Section: Machine Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In any case, the tolerant action that is typically applied for non-isolated switch SCs when using FB VSCs, such as H-bridges, is based on imposing an SC on a stator phase by means of the VSC, causing uncontrolled zero-sequence current. This implies that the machine should be specially designed for withstanding this demanding situation, similarly to stator SCs [99,130,240,[242][243][244][245][246][247]. Moreover, even if the machine is such that overcurrent is then prevented, the resulting zero-sequence current gives rise to undesired effects, such as increased losses.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks About Switch Sc Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Comprehensive Survey on Fault Tolerance in Multiphase AC Drives, Part 1: General Overview Considering Multiple Fault Types

et al. 2022

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Multiphase drives offer enhanced fault-tolerant capabilities compared with conventional three-phase ones. Their phase redundancy makes them able to continue running in the event of faults (e.g., open/short-circuits) in certain phases. Moreover, their greater number of degrees of freedom permits improving diagnosis and performance, not only under faults affecting individual phases, but also under those affecting the machine/drive as a whole. That is the case of failures in the dc link, resolver/encoder, control unit, cooling system, etc. Accordingly, multiphase drives are becoming remarkable contenders for applications where high reliability is required, such as electric vehicles and standalone/off-shore generation. Actually, the literature on the subject has grown exponentially in recent years. Various review papers have been published, but none of them currently cover the state-of-the-art in a comprehensive and up-to-date fashion. This two-part paper presents an overview concerning fault tolerance in multiphase drives. Hundreds of citations are classified and critically discussed. Although the emphasis is put on fault tolerance, fault detection/diagnosis is also considered to some extent, because of its importance in fault-tolerant drives. The most important recent advances, emerging trends and open challenges are also identified. Part 1 provides a comprehensive survey considering numerous kinds of faults, whereas Part 2 is focused on phase/switch open-circuit failures.

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Section: Chronological Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Machine Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concluding Remarks About Switch Sc Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Survey on Fault Tolerance in Multiphase AC Drives, Part 1: General Overview Considering Multiple Fault Types

et al. 2022

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show abstract

“…Hence, system reliability has become a major concern in real-time embedded systems design, due to the negative impacts of technology scaling. Automotive systems, avionics, satellite, robots, and wireless body area networks (WBAN) are the example of embedded systems which have been growing steadily in the recent past and should meet the correctness and timeliness even under fault occurrences [10], [13], [14], [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

et al. 2022

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The relentless technology scaling has provided a significant increase in processor performance, but on the other hand, it has led to adverse impacts on system reliability. In particular, technology scaling increases the processor susceptibility to radiation-induced transient faults. Moreover, technology scaling with the discontinuation of Dennard scaling increases the power densities, thereby temperatures, on the chip. High temperature, in turn, accelerates transistor aging mechanisms, which may ultimately lead to permanent faults on the chip. To assure a reliable system operation, despite these potential reliability concerns, fault-tolerance techniques have emerged. Specifically, fault-tolerance techniques employ some kind of redundancies to satisfy specific reliability requirements. However, the integration of fault-tolerance techniques into real-time embedded systems complicates preserving timing constraints. As a remedy, many task mapping/scheduling policies have been proposed to consider the integration of fault-tolerance techniques and enforce both timing and reliability guarantees for real-time embedded systems. More advanced techniques aim additionally at minimizing power and energy while at the same time satisfying timing and reliability constraints. Recently, some scheduling techniques have started to tackle a new challenge, which is the temperature increase induced by employing fault-tolerance techniques. These emerging techniques aim at satisfying temperature constraints besides timing and reliability constraints. This paper provides an in-depth survey of the emerging research efforts that exploit fault-tolerance techniques while considering timing, power/energy, and temperature from the real-time embedded systems' design perspective. In particular, the task mapping/scheduling policies for fault-tolerance real-time embedded systems are reviewed and classified according to their considered goals and constraints. Moreover, the employed fault-tolerance techniques, application models, and hardware models are considered as additional dimensions of the presented classification. Lastly, this survey gives deep insights into the main achievements and shortcomings of the existing approaches and highlights the most promising ones.INDEX TERMS Fault-tolerance, embedded systems, real-time computing, scheduling, power/energy minimization, thermal-aware design.

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“…The independent winding sets, or stator sectors, provide the redundancy, partitioning and fault isolation in the presence of electrical fault. The feasibility of multiple three-phase topology is depended on slot/pole combination and winding arrangement, which available combinations have been concluded in [14], based on specific criterions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Optimization of Modular Permanent Magnet Machine with Triple Three-Phase for Aircraft Starter Generator

Wang¹,

Rocca²,

Vakil³

et al. 2022

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Permanent magnet (PM) electrical machine has far-reaching impacts in aviation electrification due to the continuous development in high power density and high efficiency electrical drives. The primary barrier to acceptance of permanent magnet machines for safetycritical starter-generator systems is its low fault-tolerance capability and low reliability (for the conventional designs). This article investigates a modular triple three-phase PM starter-generator comprehensively, including the tradeoff of fault-tolerant topology, optimization design process, analysis of electromagnetic (highlight the post-fault analysis) and thermal behavior, respectively. The triple three-phase segmented topology proposed meet the fault-tolerant requirement along with complete electrical, magnetic, and thermal isolation. There would be cost penalty on the proposed topology, but it gets offset by the ease of manufacturing of coils and their insertion. The stator gaps are introduced while doing segmentation which would provide unique opportunity to provide innovative cooling solutions. The multi-objectively optimization method is employed to search an optimal candidate of modular-designed machine. The detailed electromagnetic analysis of this candidate has been performed, while the post-fault performances have been highlighted, especially under the short-circuit scenarios. After that, the thermal behavior of this modular machine has been studied by the means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). By a parametric analysis, the varied size of segment gap seems no effect to the thermal management. Moreover, the housing water jacket cooling method is chosen to make the machine work safely. In all, this modulardesigned triple three-phase machine meet the requirement for an aircraft application with complete fault tolerance and increased reliability.

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Optimization and Analysis of a High Power Density and Fault Tolerant Starter–Generator for Aircraft Application

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

A Comprehensive Survey on Fault Tolerance in Multiphase AC Drives, Part 1: General Overview Considering Multiple Fault Types

A Comprehensive Survey on Fault Tolerance in Multiphase AC Drives, Part 1: General Overview Considering Multiple Fault Types

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

Design Optimization of Modular Permanent Magnet Machine with Triple Three-Phase for Aircraft Starter Generator

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