Optimization of cement-based grouts using chemical additives

Azadi, Mohammad; Taghichian, Ali; Taheri, Ali Askar

doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.11.013

Cited by 85 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Two of the applications where this research presents potential applicability are the jet grouting, for the improvement of soil, and the execution of deep foundations such as micropiles. In the jet grouting process, the slurry is injected into the soil pores in order to fill and create cohesion, which increases the resistance characteristics or, equivalently, improves its mechanical properties [24,36]. Therefore, the rheological properties of grouts are directly related to the pumping capacity to penetrate holes and cracks [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are also studies where the substitutions of blast furnace slag are made in small percentages but always with chemical additives. Azadi et al [24] (2013) worked with chemical additives to optimize the grout. They used sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) to increase resistance, sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) to reduce bleeding, or triethanolamine (TEA) to promote injection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement

et al. 2019

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This paper is part of a research line focused on the reduction of the use of cement in the industry. In this work, the study of work methodologies for the manufacture of green cementitious grout mixtures is studied. Grout is widely used in construction and it requires an important use of raw materials. On the other hand, the steel industry faces the problem of the growing generation of slag wastes due to the increase in steel manufacturing. The green grout aims to achieve the dual objective of reducing the demand for cement and improve the slag waste valorization. Slag is not introduced as an aggregate but through the direct replacement of cement and no additives. The research seeks a product where we can use steel slag intensively, guaranteeing minimum resistance and workability. Results with substitutions between a 25% to 50% and water/cement ratio of 1 are presented. In particular, the suitability of different slags (two Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) and one Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)) in the quality of the final product are analyzed. The feasibility of replacing cement with slag and the importance of the origin and pretreatment are highlighted.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement

et al. 2019

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“…Great attention has been devoted to the rheological properties of cement grouts at room conditions [ 1 , 3 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. With increasing grouting applications performed at coal regions or in deep underground conditions in recent years, the ambient temperature is considered as another critical factor that affects the yield stress and viscosity of cement grouts, owing to the effects of temperature on the hydration rate of cement [ 9 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The temperature of underground formations usually varies proportionally with an increase in depth, which is often much higher than on the surface [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test

Miao

et al. 2020

Materials

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The rheology of cement grouts often plays a crucial role in the success of rock grouting. In practice, the rheological parameters should be timely adjusted according to the evolution of grouting pressure, flow rate and injection time. However, obtaining the magnitude of rheological parameters is not easy to achieve under site conditions. More importantly, the ground temperature in deep rock masses is elevated higher than that on the surface or under room conditions, which has been demonstrated to strongly influence the rheological properties of grouts. Reasonable understanding and control of the rheological behavior of cement grouts at true ground temperatures is very important to the quality of grouting. This paper aims to propose a simplified method to approximately estimate the initial yield stress and viscosity of cement grouts for rock grouting under elevated ground temperature that actually exists in deep rock masses, on the basis of the flow spread test. The temperature investigated was controlled between 12 °C and 45 °C to simulate the true ground temperature in rock masses with a maximum depth of 1500 m below the surface. Taking the influences of elevated temperatures into account, a temperature-based model for estimating the initial viscosity of cement grout was successfully developed on the basis of Liu’s model and the results of the flow spread test. However, the yield stress failed to be estimated by the Lapasin model due to the absence of plastic behavior of cement grouts. In contrast, yield stress can be linearly correlated to the measured relative flow area. In this work, it was also found that the dependence of yield stress of cement grouts on relative flow area is a strongly exponential law. The temperature dependence of the viscosity of water was accounted for in both estimations of viscosity and yield stress of grouts. Significantly, it was found that the packing density of cement is dependent on the grout temperature, especially when the temperature is up to 45 °C. The proposed method in this work offers an alternative solution for technicians to reasonably control the rheological properties in the increasing applications of deep rock grouting.

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“…Researchers have carried out a series of studies on grouting materials [7][8][9], grouting mechanism, and fluid flow [10,11] against seepage through indoor experiments and theoretical analysis. In particular, Warner et al [12] used compaction grouting to mitigate the sinkholes at WAC Bennett dam, showing satisfactory reinforcement effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Reinforcement and Lapping Effect of Fracture Grouting in Yellow River Embankment

et al. 2018

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Fracture grouting has been a mitigation measure widely used against seepage in the Yellow River Embankment. However, there is currently a lack of systematic investigations studying the anti-seepage effect of the fracture grouting employed in this longest river embankment in China. Therefore, in this work, laboratory and in situ experiments are carried out to investigate the reinforcement effect of fracture grouting in the Jinan section of the Yellow River Embankment. In particular, laboratory tests concentrate on studying the optimum strength improvement for cement-silicate grout by varying the content of backfilled fly ash and bentonite as admixtures. Mechanical strength and Scanning Electron Microscope photographs are investigated for assessing the strength and compactness improvement. Subsequently, based on the obtained optimum admixtures content, in situ grouting tests are carried out in the Jinan section of the Yellow River Embankment to evaluate the reinforcement and lapping effect of fracture grouting veins, where geophysical prospecting and pit prospecting methods are employed. Laboratory results show that, compared with pure cement-silicate grouts, the gelation time of the improved slurry is longer and gelation time increases as fly ash content increases. The optimum mixing proportion of the compound cement-silicate grout is 70% cement, 25% fly ash, and 5% bentonite, and the best volume ratio is 2 for the investigated cases. Geophysical prospecting including the ground penetrating radar and high-density resistivity method can reflect the lapping effect of fracture grouting veins on site. It shows that the grouting material mainly flows along the axial direction of the embankment. The treatment used to generate directional fracture is proved to be effective. The injection hole interval distance is suggested to be 1.2 m, where the lapping effect of the grouting veins is relatively significant. For the investigated cases, the average thickness of the grouting veins is approximately 6.0 cm and the corresponding permeability coefficient is averagely 1.6 × 10 −6 cm/s, which meets the anti-seepage criterion in practice.

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Optimization of cement-based grouts using chemical additives

Cited by 85 publications

References 8 publications

Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement

Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement

Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test

Investigation on Reinforcement and Lapping Effect of Fracture Grouting in Yellow River Embankment

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