Oral Bioavailability and Disposition of Phytochemicals

Li, Yan; Paxton, James W.

doi:10.5772/26583

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Recent research has demonstrated that, although polyphenol bioavailability is relatively low, polyphenols still exhibit biological functions, mainly due to their bioactive metabolites [ 205 ]. Hepatocytes and enterocytes are involved in polyphenol modifications through phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes [ 199 , 206 ]. The phase I reactions involve cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), which modify the polyphenol structure to facilitate phase 2 conjugation reactions [ 199 , 206 ].…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatocytes and enterocytes are involved in polyphenol modifications through phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes [ 199 , 206 ]. The phase I reactions involve cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), which modify the polyphenol structure to facilitate phase 2 conjugation reactions [ 199 , 206 ]. Phase I reactions usually include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, which serve to increase the hydrophilicity of the molecule and expose or add certain functional groups (such as hydroxyl groups) that will facilitate phase II reactions [ 199 , 206 ].…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phase I reactions involve cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), which modify the polyphenol structure to facilitate phase 2 conjugation reactions [ 199 , 206 ]. Phase I reactions usually include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, which serve to increase the hydrophilicity of the molecule and expose or add certain functional groups (such as hydroxyl groups) that will facilitate phase II reactions [ 199 , 206 ]. Most polyphenols, unlike drugs, are not substrates for CYP 450 enzymes, but after deconjugation (by lactase phloridzin hydrolase and cytosolic β-glucosidase enzymes), they undergo phase II reactions [ 202 ].…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer

Costea

Nagy

Ganea

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Prostate cancer is the one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men over the age of 50. Several lines of evidence support the observation that polyphenols have preventive and therapeutic effects in prostate cancer. Moreover, prostate cancer is ideal for chemoprevention due to its long latency. We propose here an equilibrated lifestyle with a diet rich in polyphenols as prophylactic attempts to slow down the progression of localized prostate cancer or prevent the occurrence of the disease. In this review, we will first summarize the molecular mechanisms of polyphenols in prostate cancer with a focus on the antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects, androgen receptors (AR), key molecules involved in AR signaling and their transactivation pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, genetic aspects, and epigenetic mechanisms. The relevance of the molecular mechanisms is discussed in light of current bioavailability data regarding the activity of polyphenols in prostate cancer. We also highlight strategies for improving the bioavailability of polyphenols. We hope that this review will lead to further research regarding the bioavailability and the role of polyphenols in prostate cancer prevention and treatment.

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Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioavailability Of Polyphenols In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer

Costea

Nagy

Ganea

et al. 2019

IJMS

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“…However, when reviewing the data reported on the bioavailability of phytochemicals, it is revealed that many of them are only partially absorbed/metabolized by the intestinal epithelium, a cellular type responsible for systemic occurrence by their uptake using efflux transporters (mainly P-glycoprotein) [ 156 ]. The efflux transporter proteins mediate the active extrusion of compounds back into the intestinal lumen [ 157 ] that, in turn, limit the bioavailability of the bioactive phytochemicals of interest to nanomolar concentrations in blood, even if the ions have been detected the intestinal section, where they are absorbed, in high concentrations [ 158 ]. Indeed, this situation demonstrates that it is difficult to assess the bioavailability of chemical agents based solely on their physicochemical properties.…”

Section: Phytochemicals Loaded Nanoparticles: Diving Into Nanosizementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and Controlled Delivery for Bioactive Compounds: Outlining Challenges for New “Smart-Foods” for Health

Martínez-Ballesta

Gil-Izquierdo

García‐Viguera

et al. 2018

Foods

186

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Nanotechnology is a field of research that has been stressed as a very valuable approach for the prevention and treatment of different human health disorders. This has been stressed as a delivery system for the therapeutic fight against an array of pathophysiological situations. Actually, industry has applied this technology in the search for new oral delivery alternatives obtained upon the modification of the solubility properties of bioactive compounds. Significant works have been made in the last years for testing the input that nanomaterials and nanoparticles provide for an array of pathophysiological situations. In this frame, this review addresses general questions concerning the extent to which nanoparticles offer alternatives that improve therapeutic value, while avoid toxicity, by releasing bioactive compounds specifically to target tissues affected by specific chemical and pathophysiological settings. In this regard, to date, the contribution of nanoparticles to protect encapsulated bioactive compounds from degradation as a result of gastrointestinal digestion and cellular metabolism, to enable their release in a controlled manner, enhancing biodistribution of bioactive compounds, and to allow them to target those tissues affected by biological disturbances has been demonstrated.

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“…The efflux transporter proteins belonging to the ATP-binding cassette gene family mediate the active extrusion of many nutrients, drugs, and metabolites back into the intestinal lumen [23]. Thus, even when higher concentrations of the chemopreventive agents are present in the intestinal lumen, only nM concentrations were available in the blood [24]. Therefore, it may be difficult to assess bioavailability of agents based solely on their physicochemical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of phytochemicals and its enhancement by drug delivery systems

Aqil¹,

Munagala²,

Jeyabalan³

et al. 2013

Cancer Letters

294

176

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Issues of poor oral bioavailability of cancer chemopreventives have hindered progress in cancer prevention. Novel delivery systems that modulate the pharmacokinetics of existing drugs, such as nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, niosomes, liposomes and implants, could be used to enhance the delivery of chemopreventive agents to target sites. The development of new approaches in prevention and treatment of cancer could encompass new delivery systems for approved and newly investigated compounds. In this review, we discuss some of the delivery approaches that have already made an impact by either delivering a drug to target tissue or increasing its bioavailability by many fold.

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Oral Bioavailability and Disposition of Phytochemicals

Cited by 9 publications

References 129 publications

Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer

Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer

Nanoparticles and Controlled Delivery for Bioactive Compounds: Outlining Challenges for New “Smart-Foods” for Health

Bioavailability of phytochemicals and its enhancement by drug delivery systems

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