Oral Dysbiosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Correlations and Potential Causations

Abstract

Biofilms are a heterogenous complex community of vegetative cells and extracellular polymeric substances that can adhere to various surfaces and are responsible for a variety of chronic and acute diseases. The impact of bacterial biofilms on oral and intestinal health is well studied, but the correlation and causations of biofilms and neurodegenerative diseases are still in their infancy. However, the correlations between biofilms and diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and even Parkinson’s Disease are starting to demonstrate the role bacterial biofilms have in promoting and exasperating various illnesses. The review article provides insight into the role bacterial biofilms may have on the development and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases and hopefully shine a light on this very important area of research.

Pathways to healing: Plants with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases

“…There is also evidence that oral dysbiosis, in which the healthy oral microbiota becomes colonized by pathogenic microorganisms, has been implicated in exacerbating disease progression in AD, HD, MS and PD ( Nicholson and Landry, 2022 ). The oral pathogens contribute to periodontitis (inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth), leading to dysregulation of circulating inflammatory molecules and the innate immune response ( Franciotti et al, 2021 ), which may elevate brain oxidative and ER stress, with detrimental effects ( Cueno and Ochiai, 2018 ).…”

The Role of Human Microbiota in Myasthenia Gravis: A Narrative Review

“…First, oral dysbiosis can cause periodontitis, endodontic infections and dental caries which are all together connected with systemic inflammation. There are several studies relating oral dysbiosis and periodontitis with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and MS [ 61 , 62 ]. Second, gut microbes originate, in part, from the oral cavity, and the alterations of oral microbiota may affect the gut microbiota as a consequence [ 37 , 63 , 64 ].…”

“…Second, gut microbes originate, in part, from the oral cavity, and the alterations of oral microbiota may affect the gut microbiota as a consequence [ 37 , 63 , 64 ]. However, the relationship between oral microbiota and neurological disease derives from the increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the case of dysbiosis leading to systemic inflammation [ 61 ]. To date, only one study explored the oral microbiota in MG patients.…”

Ectopic colonization by oral bacteria as an emerging theme in health and disease

“…However, in the last years, there has been accumulating evidence highlighting the central role of ectopic colonization by oral bacteria in distant places including the intestine, placenta, nasal tissue, lungs and upper airways, and aorta, contributing to many noncommunicable diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) (Atarashi et al 2017 , Dinakaran et al 2019 , Hu et al 2021 , Molinero et al 2022 , Rojas-Tapias et al 2022 , Rashidi et al 2023 ), undernutrition (Vonaesch et al 2018 , 2022 , Chen et al 2020 , Collard et al 2022 ), preterm birth (Van der Haar et al 2018 , Yin et al. 2021 ), neurological diseases (Nicholson and Landry 2022 ), liver diseases (Joossens 2021 ), lung diseases (Joossens 2021 ), heart diseases (Hodel et al 2023 ), or colonic cancer (Flemer et al 2018 , Rashidi et al 2023 ). There is thus an increased interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to the colonization and maintenance of oral bacteria at ectopic sites.…”