Oral Fluid as a Biological Material for Antemortem Detection of Oxytetracycline in Pigs by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

The presence of antibiotic residues in pig tissues requires a search for new methods for their antemortem detection. To find an alternative for postmortem pig carcass analysis, an oral fluid was tested. To prove the suitability of oral fluid for the detection of antibiotics administered by injection, oxytetracycline was chosen. Research was conducted on two groups of animals: group 1, 100% treated; and group 2, 50% treated and 50% untreated. Oxytetracycline was assayed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The antibiotic was detectable 2 h post administration in group 1 and group 2 at the concentrations of 10653 ± 1421 μg/kg and 7457 ± 1145 μg/kg, respectively. At withdrawal period (21st day), oxytetracycline concentrations in oral fluid (30.8 ± 9.4 μg/kg in group 1 and 11.6 ± 5.6 μg/kg in group 2) were similar to those determined in muscle (34.5 ± 8.2 μg/kg). The concentrations of oxytetracycline in liver and kidney were 76.8 ± 22 μg/kg and 204 ± 49 μg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicate that oral fluid analysis can be used for antemortem oxytetracycline detection in pigs, even if the half of animals in one pen are treated.

UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Antibiotics Transfer and Concentrations in Porcine Oral Fluid after Intramuscular Application

“…A suitable analytical method is an essential analytical tool in the determination of drugs in the matrix of interest. Therefore, in the paper of Gajda et al, 2017, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of oxytetracycline and 4-epi oxytetracycline in swine oral fluid after intramuscular injection was reported [17]. The results of this study demonstrate that the tested material from pigs seems to be an effective tool for the control of proper medical treatment and residues prevention.…”

Correlation between oral fluid and plasma oxytetracycline concentrations after intramuscular administration in pigs

“…Thus, oral fluid sampling shows practical advantages over blood analysis.Oral fluid testing may be useful in the monitoring of illicit drug used. It was demonstrated a strong relationship and similar concentrations between OTC in oral fluid and tissues at withdrawal period, which indicate that it is a suitable medium to predict antibiotic levels in edible products of pigs origin (Gajda et al., ). However, the correlation of these antibiotic levels in oral fluid and plasma has not been studied so far.…”

“…The material collection is more convenient both in humans and animals, compared to blood sampling. In pig farms, oral fluid is collected noninvasively by hanging a cotton rope on pen barrier, which is chewed by pigs and saturated with fluid (Gajda, Jablonski, Bladek, & Posyniak, ; White et al., ). It offers an “animal friendly system” where stress of animals is minimized, and the time of collection of samples is reduced.…”

Fluorescent PEI@Pd nanoclusters: facile synthesis and application

“…Until now, various analytical techniques including highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 11 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 12 electro-chemistry, 13,14 electro-chemiluminescence (ECL), 15 colorimetric analysis, 16,17 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 18 microbiological and chemical detection, 19 and uorescence method, 20,21 have been devised to determine OTC. Although the detection method based on chromatography can obtain high accuracy and stability results, the instruments used are expensive and complicated to operate, which is not suitable for universal application in practical work.…”