Oral Microbial Shift: Factors affecting the Microbiome and Prevention of Oral Disease

Abstract

Background: Recently, oral microbiome has gained popularity among scientists. Microorganisms are no longer considered as disease-producing pathogens, rather they are now considered as partners of human in maintaining health. Since ancient times, changes in our lifestyle have affected our microbiome and the balance with their human host has been perturbed. The present review includes the description about factors affecting oral microbiome and establishing symbiosis with the human host so that they contribute in maintaining health rather than eliciting diseases. Materials and methods:A comprehensive literature search was performed on databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline until April 2015. First, articles were selected on the basis of their titles and then abstracts were screened and unwanted articles were excluded. Articles obtained from all the databases were checked and duplicate articles were removed. Articles obtained from various databases: PubMed = 35, Google Scholar = 8. Out of these 43 articles, total 29 articles were finally selected for this review. Results:The published literature suggests that the modern oral microbiome is less biodiverse, and possess more pathogenic bacterial species and lesser beneficial bacteria. The possible factors mainly responsible for this shift in microbiome were found to be change in diet, industrial revolution and indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Geographic Variation Did Not Affect the Predictive Power of Salivary Microbiota for Caries in Children With Mixed Dentition

“…Human oral microbiome dysbiosis is increasingly implicated in various local and systemic human diseases, such as dental caries (Yang et al, 2012), gingivitis (Huang et al, 2014), and obesity (Yang et al, 2015). The oral microbial composition depends on many factors (Gupta et al, 2017), including age (Teng et al, 2015), diet (Baroudi et al, 2016), and geography (Gupta et al, 2017). Accumulating evidence supports that changes in oral microbiota continue throughout human life (Ling et al, 2013;Song et al, 2013;Teng et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015), especially among three dentitions (i.e., deciduous/primary, mixed, and permanent dentition) (Aas et al, 2008;Crielaard et al, 2011).…”

Human microbiome: an academic update on human body site specific surveillance and its possible role

“…Role in digestion Some oral microorganism helps in digestion of nutrients, particularly complex carbohydrates that cannot be degraded by the human digestive enzyme. These microbes can hydrolyze the non-digestible polysaccharide into small chain fatty acids which are then metabolized by a human (Dagli et al 2016). Some resident gluten degrading microorganisms have also been found to be present in the oral cavity.…”

“…The oral microbiome plays a significant role in conferring immunity to the human health with some of them regulating the activities, development of an immune cell, provide immunological priming, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory response and provide immunity (Dagli et al 2016). Nitrate metabolism is another impor-tant property of oral microbiome that reduces nitrate to nitrite.…”

“…Synthesis of the vitamin is one of the important functions of some oral microorganisms. Certain strains of lactic acid bacteria that produce vitamin B12 are also found in the oral cavity (Dagli et al 2016). Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most frequently occurring oral probiotic bacteria that produce vitamins (Dagli et al 2016).…”

<p>Efek paparan gas ozon terhadap mikroba saliva rongga mulut secara in-vitro<p></p>Effects of ozone gas exposure on oral saliva microbes in-vitro<p>

“…Permeabilitas mempengaruhi kemampuan ozon untuk penetrasi ke dalam sitoplasma, sehingga resistan terhadap paparan ozon. 22,23 Beberapa spesies P. aurigenosa diketahui mempunyai kemampuan resistansi terhadap efek ozon, sehingga tetap tumbuh dalam media. 24 Mikroba P. aurigenosa diketahui lebih resisten terhadap ozon, dibandingkan dengan E. coli maupun A. faecalis.…”