Organic compounds in precipitation

Levsen, K.; Behnert, S.; Winkeler, H. D.

doi:10.1007/bf00321532

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…A comparison with published data [11] shows that the concentration of PAHs in the area studied is higher than in other German cities, such as Hannover ( Table 2). This is most probably because the studied area is more highly populated and highly industrialized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff

Shu

Hirner²

1998

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff

Shu

Hirner²

1998

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

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“…There is currently very limited information in the literature about the occurrence of N/OPAHs and NMAHs in precipitation, except for small number of OPAHs (Kawamura and Kaplan, 1983) and nitrophenols: 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), several methyl-nitrophenol isomers as well as dinitrophenols, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 2-methyl-4,6dinitrophenol (i.e. dinitro-ortho-cresol, DNOC) have been the most frequently measured nitrophenols in precipitation in urban and rural Europe (Leuenberger et al, 1988;Alber et al, 1989;Herterich and Herrmann, 1990;Levsen et al, 1990Levsen et al, , 1991Levsen et al, , 1993Schüssler and Nitschke, 2001;Bossi et al, 2002;Kohler and Heeb, 2003;Asman et al, 2005;Belloli et al, 2006;Jaber et al, 2007;Schummer et al, 2009), North America (Ganranoo et al, 2010), and Antarctica (Vanni et al, 2001) (Table S1 in the Supplement).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

2018

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Abstract. Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) are emitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Their environmental cycling through wet deposition has hardly been studied. Fresh snow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surface snow from a remote site in Svalbard, were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 8 OPAHs, and 11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as well as nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied for the first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavenging mechanisms, the particulate mass fractions (θ) at 273 K were predicted using a multi-phase gas-particle partitioning model based on polyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑NPAH concentrations were 1.2–17.6 and 8.8–19.1 ng L−1 at urban and rural sites, whereas ∑OPAHs were 79.8–955.2 and 343.3–1757.4 ng L−1 at these sites, respectively. 9,10-anthraquinone was predominant in snow aqueous and particulate phases. NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with 9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. Among NMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levels found for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported in the 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑N/OPAHs and ∑NMAHs were found at the remote site (3.5 and 390.5 ng L−1, respectively). N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordance with predicted θ, whereas NMAHs were predominant in the aqueous phase, regardless of θ. It is concluded that the phase distribution of non-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioning prior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phase substances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particle partitioning in the aerosol and dissolution during in- or below-cloud scavenging.

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“…They have high solubilities in water and are expected to be efficiently scavenged from the gas phase by rain and fog. Values ranging between 0.2 and 9 µg L -1 were measured for phenol at different locations and the concentration of cresols in the rainwater was estimated to be in the range 0.38 -2 µg L -1 (Kawamura and Kaplan, 1983;Leuenberger et al, 1985;Levsen et al, 1990;Richartz et al, 1990;Grosjean, 1991;Tremp et al, 1993;Allen and Allen, 1997;Belloli et al, 1999;Lüttke et al, 1999;Morville et al, 2001). These concentration levels make them one of the most abundant organic compounds in rainwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Henry's law constant measurements for phenol, o-, m-, and p-cresol as a function of temperature

Feigenbrugel

Calvé

Mirabel

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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In this work, a dynamic system based on the water/air equilibrium at the interface within the length of a microporous tube was used to experimentally determine the Henry's Law Constants (HLC) of phenol and cresols. The measurements were conducted over the range 278-298 K in both deionized water and 35 g L -1°/°° solution of NaCl. At 293 K and in pure water, HLC were found to be equal to (in units of M atm -1 ): phenol, HLC = (1005  270); ocresol, HLC = (690  95); m-cresol, HLC = (1324  172); p-cresol, HLC = (1742 ± 360). The obtained data were used to derive the following Arrhenius expressions: HLC = (4.1 ± 0.6)  10 -9 exp((7684 ± 874)/T), HLC = (1.5 ± 0.1)  10 -10 exp((8544 ± 512)/T), HLC = (5.5 ± 0.4)  10 -11 exp((9028 ± 508)/T) and HLC = (3.3 ± 0.4)  10 -11 exp((9258 ± 818)/T) for phenol, ocresol, m-cresol and p-cresol, respectively. All of the values for HLC in 35 g L -1 salt solution were 10 to 30% lower than their respective values in deionised water, depending on the compound and the temperature. These data were then used to estimate the fractions of phenol or of cresols in atmospheric aqueous phase. In order to evaluate the impact of a cloud on the atmospheric chemistry of phenol and cresols, we compare also their atmospheric lifetimes under clear sky (τgas), and cloudy conditions (τmultiphase). The calculated multiphase lifetimes (in units of days) are 2 significantly lower than those in gas phase at a cumulus temperature of 283 K (in parentheses): phenol, 0.26 (0.45); o-cresol, 0.17 (0.24); m-cresol, 0.13 (0.22); p-cresol, 0.11 (0.23).

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Organic compounds in precipitation

Cited by 27 publications

References 66 publications

Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff

Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Henry's law constant measurements for phenol, o-, m-, and p-cresol as a function of temperature

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