Organic/inorganic nanohybrids rejuvenate photodynamic cancer therapy

Abstract

This article reviewed the organic/inorganic hybrid nanoplatforms for improving the photodynamic therapeutic efficacy of cancers.

Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks as theranostic platforms for oncotherapy: synthesis, functionalization, and applications

“…84,85 Certain spectroscopy methods can also be used for auxiliary research on the chemical structures of COFs. For example, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is widely used for linkage identication, 13 C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 13 C CP-MAS ssNMR) 86 is used to designate the chemical environments of carbon atoms, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can reveal the chemical structures of COF surfaces. 87 Another important feature of COFs, namely, their permanent pore structures, can be evaluated by gas adsorption and desorption experiments, which can provide valuable information regarding the specic surface area, pore size, and pore volume of COFs.…”

“…He therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), have also exhibited promising potential in oncotherapy due to their high selectivity, low side-effects, and negligible drug resistance. [11][12][13][14] Rapid developments in nanomaterials and nanotechnology have provided a vast material reservoir for use in cancer nanomedicine, which mainly include mesoporous silica, 15 metal chalcogenides, 16 upconversion materials, 17 MXenes, 18,19 carbonbased materials, 20,21 semiconducting polymers, 22,23 and liposomes. 24 The design, synthesis, and applications of advanced porous materials with specic structures at the micron-and nanoscales have been a research hotspot in various scientic elds; [25][26][27][28][29][30] further, the development of porous materials ranging from traditional inorganic materials (such as zeolites, silicas, and activated carbons) to organic-inorganic hybrid porous materials (such as metal-organic cages (MOCs), 31 coordination polymers (CPs), 32 and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)).…”

Multishell Nanoparticles with “Linkage Mechanism” for Thermal Responsive Photodynamic and Gas Synergistic Therapy

“…Furthermore, NO has been proved to be utilized as the assisted modality to enhance the other mainline therapeutic methods, such as PDT and radiotherapy. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The synergy of NO-based gas therapy and PDT successfully compensated for the poor therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy under hypoxia. However, in vivo therapeutic application of NO is seriously challenged by the concentration-dependent killing efficacy and uncontrollable release of NO.…”

Encapsulation of glycosylated porphyrins in silica nanoparticles to enhance the efficacy of cancer photodynamic therapy

“…surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) is that it has lower toxic effects on the biological systems. 5 PDT was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a clinical protocol for cancer treatment more than 20 years ago, and since then many photosensitizers (PSs) have been developed for PDT, such as HpD, Photofrin, or Temoporfin. 6 However, nowadays most of the available PSs are based on tetrapyrrole structure such as porphyrins, with larger hydrophobic groups attached and their solubility in aqueous solutions is often poor, restricting them in clinical applications.…”