Organization of neck muscle motoneurons in the cervical spinal cord of the pigeon

Hörster, Wolfgang; Franchini, Angela; Daniel, Stefanie

doi:10.1097/00001756-199010000-00002

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…A population of motoneurons ventral to the nucleus intermedius of Karten and Hodos (1967) and abutting the lateral edge of the medial longitudinal fasciculus was identified in their atlas as the hypoglossal nucleus. This group of motoneurons is made up of dorsomedial and ventrolateral clusters, both of which are now known to innervate upper neck muscles, but not the tongue (Wild, 1981;Eden and Correia, 1982;Watanabe and Ohmori, 1988;Horster et al, 1990;Zijlstra and Dubbeldam, 1994). This cell group is separate from an upper cervical spinal cord nucleus from which the accessory nerve arises (Beccari, 1943;Hillebrand, 1975;Wild, 1981;Zijlstra and Dubbeldam, 1994).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei

Reiner

Perkel

Bruce

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

1,074

1,170

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The standard nomenclature that has been used for many telencephalic and related brainstem structures in birds is based on flawed assumptions of homology to mammals. In particular, the outdated terminology implies that most of the avian telencephalon is a hypertrophied basal ganglia, when it is now clear that most of the avian telencephalon is neurochemically, hodologically, and functionally comparable to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala (all of which derive from the pallial sector of the developing telencephalon). Recognizing that this promotes misunderstanding of the functional organization of avian brains and their evolutionary relationship to mammalian brains, avian brain specialists began discussions to rectify this problem, culminating in the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum held at Duke University in July 2002, which approved a new terminology for avian telencephalon and some allied brainstem cell groups. Details of this new terminology are presented here, as is a rationale for each name change and evidence for any homologies implied by the new names.Revisions for the brainstem focused on vocal control, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and basal ganglia-related nuclei. For example, the Forum recognized that the hypoglossal nucleus had been incorrectly identified as the nucleus intermedius in the Karten and Hodos (1967) pigeon brain atlas, and what was identified as the hypoglossal nucleus in that atlas should instead be called the supraspinal nucleus. The locus ceruleus of this and other avian atlases was noted to consist of a caudal noradrenergic part homologous to the mammalian locus coeruleus and a rostral region corresponding to the mammalian A8 dopaminergic cell group. The midbrain dopaminergic cell group in birds known as the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta was recognized as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars compacta and was renamed accordingly; a group of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons at the lateral edge of this region was identified as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars reticulata and was also renamed accordingly. A field of cholinergic neurons in the rostral avian hindbrain was named the nucleus pedunculopontinus tegmenti, whereas the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis in the avian diencephalon was renamed the subthalamic nucleus, both for their evident mammalian homologues.For the basal (i.e., subpallial) telencephalon, the actual parts of the basal ganglia were given names reflecting their now evident homologues. For example, the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum were acknowledged to make up the dorsal subdivision of the striatal part of the basal ganglia and were renamed as the medial and lateral striatum. The paleostriatum primitivum was recognized as homologous to the mammalian globus pallidus and renamed as such. Additionally, the rostroventral part of what was called the lobus parolfactorius was acknowledged as comparable to the mammalian nucleus accumbens, which, together with the...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei

Reiner

Perkel

Bruce

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

1,074

1,170

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…complexus, biventer cervicis, splenius capitis, and rectus capitis). 79,80,[85][86][87] This nucleus was thus subsequently renamed supraspinalis, 78,79,88 and the Forum also formally adopted this renaming. It is important to reiterate that most work referring to the hypoglossal nucleus in songbirds has referred to the correct structure, so no change in the customary usage to supraspinalis is needed.…”

Section: Nucleus Nervi Hypoglossi (Nxii) → Supraspinal Nucleus (Ssp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Songbirds and the Revised Avian Brain Nomenclature

Reiner

Perkel

Mello

et al. 2004

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

149

133

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It has become increasingly clear that the standard nomenclature for many telencephalic and related brainstem structures of the avian brain is based on flawed once-held assumptions of homology to mammalian brain structures, greatly hindering functional comparisons between avian and mammalian brains. This has become especially problematic for those researchers studying the neurobiology of birdsong, the largest single group within the avian neuroscience community. To deal with the many communication problems this has caused among researchers specializing in different vertebrate classes, the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum, held at Duke University from July 18-20, 2002, set out to develop a new terminology for the avian telencephalon and some allied brainstem cell groups. In one major step, the erroneous conception that the avian telencephalon consists mainly of a hypertrophied basal ganglia has been purged from the telencephalic terminology, and the actual parts of the basal ganglia and its brainstem afferent cell groups have been given new names to reflect their now-evident homologies. The telencephalic regions that were incorrectly named to reflect presumed homology to mammalian basal ganglia have been renamed as parts of the pallium. The prefixes used for the new names for the pallial subdivisions have retained most established abbreviations, in an effort to maintain continuity with the pre-existing nomenclature. Here we present a brief synopsis of the inaccuracies in the old nomenclature, a summary of the nomenclature changes, and details of changes for specific songbird vocal and auditory nuclei. We believe this new terminology will promote more accurate understanding of the broader neurobiological implications of song control mechanisms and facilitate the productive exchange of information between researchers studying avian and mammalian systems.

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“…The muscles responsible for head and neck movements are innervated by motoneurons in the ventral horn of the cervical cord and its rostral continuation in the ventral hypoglossal or supraspinal nucleus [Wild and Zeigler, 1980;Hörster et al, 1990;Zijlstra and Dubbeldam, 1994]. Tracing studies in the mallard revealed that reticular premotor neurons of the supraspinal nucleus occur in RPcvm and in the gigantocellular reticular formation of the brainstem (RGc, fig.¤3C) [Tellegen and Dubbeldam, 1999].…”

Section: Motor Control System For Pecking and Head Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neural Substrate for ‘Learned’ and ‘Nonlearned’ Activities in Birds: A Discussion of the Organization of Bulbar Reticular Premotor Systems with Side-Lights on the Mammalian Situation

Dubbeldam¹

1998

Cells Tissues Organs

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The reticular formation of the brainstem contains premotor systems for various musculomotor systems. In this paper, the bulbar premotor systems for jaw and tongue movements, head and neck movements, locomotion, and respiration and vocalization in birds are reviewed and compared to premotor systems in mammals. Roughly, the bulbar reticular formation can be subdivided in three longitudinal zones: a dorsolateral (RPcdl) and a ventromedial (RPcvm) parvocellular zone and a gigantocellular zone (RGc). RPcdl contains premotor neurons for the jaw and neck system, RPcvm for the jaw, tongue and neck system, and RGc for the tongue and locomotory system. RPcdl receives input from the descending sensory trigeminal system, parts of RPcvm and RGc from vestibular nuclei, whereas the tectum has a projection to the contralateral RGc. RPcdl and RPcvm receive substantial telencephalic input through the occipitomesencephalic tract. The bulbar part of the respiratory system consists of a series of cell groups in the ventrolateral reticular formation and has connections with motor centers of the vocalization system. The similarities and differences between the avian and mammalian situation are discussed. Musculomotor systems participate in various activities. It is argued that a premotor system should possess sufficient flexibility to control the participation of a motor system in the different activities. This flexibility may permit the occurrence of learning processes in terms of refining basically existing motor patterns. The emergence of new and more complex motor patterns as in vocalization requires the involvement of hierarchically higher brain centers.

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Organization of neck muscle motoneurons in the cervical spinal cord of the pigeon

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei

Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei

Songbirds and the Revised Avian Brain Nomenclature

The Neural Substrate for ‘Learned’ and ‘Nonlearned’ Activities in Birds: A Discussion of the Organization of Bulbar Reticular Premotor Systems with Side-Lights on the Mammalian Situation

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