Origin and divergence of tandem repeats of primate D4 dopamine receptor genes

Inoue‐Murayama, Miho; Takenaka, Osamu; Murayama, Yuichi

doi:10.1007/bf02557733

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In most primate species, polymorphism of the D4DR gene in terms of the repeat numbers of the 48-bp unit has been reported [8,12]. The repetitive region is absent in the mouse [5] and rat [14] sequences.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Repetitive Region In The Dog D4dr Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

et al. 1999

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ABSTRACT. The D4 dopamine receptor (D4DR) polymorphic region, which is possibly related to the personality trait known as novelty seeking in humans, was examined in 34 dogs from two breeds (Golden retriever and the Japanese indigenous breed, Shiba) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the DNA sequences of each allele were determined. The polymorphic region of the dog D4DR gene was composed of 39-and 12-base pair (bp) units, and four alleles (A-D) were identified based on the number and/or order of these units. Intra-and inter-breed allele variations were observed. The frequency of the short A allele was dominant (78.9%) in the Golden retriever, while the long D allele was most common (46.7%) in the Shiba. These findings suggested that the allele frequency varied significantly between different breeds, and that analysis of the polymorphism in D4DR might be of use for understanding the behavioral traits of dogs.-KEY WORDS: breed, canine, D4 dopamine receptor, polymorphism, repetitive sequence.

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Section: Estimation Of the Repetitive Region In The Dog D4dr Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

et al. 1999

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“…In addition, a distinct difference in allele frequency was observed in several dog breeds with different behavioral traits [7,12] and the DRD4 genotype may be related to certain behavioral characteristics (e.g. aggression to dogs) in dog breeds [11].The sequence and repeated structure of the polymorphic region of the DRD4 gene differ considerably between primates [5,6,8,9] and dogs, and a repetitive sequence does not exist in the homologous region of the rat [3], mouse [13] and carp [4] DRD4 genes. The carnivores are classified into 231 species belonging to nine genera of seven families.…”

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“…The sequence and repeated structure of the polymorphic region of the DRD4 gene differ considerably between primates [5,6,8,9] and dogs, and a repetitive sequence does not exist in the homologous region of the rat [3], mouse [13] and carp [4] DRD4 genes. The carnivores are classified into 231 species belonging to nine genera of seven families.…”

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Sequence Comparison of the Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon III Repetitive Region in Several Species of the Order Carnivora.

Inoue‐Murayama

Matsuura

Murayama

et al. 2002

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. It was previously demonstrated that the dog dopamine receptor D4 ( DRD4) gene is polymorphic in terms of the repeat number and/or order of 39-and 12-bp sequences located in the third exon. To examine whether or not the repetitive region is present in other species of the order Carnivora, the homologous region of DRD4 genes were sequenced in the gray wolf, raccoon dog, Asiatic black bear, common raccoon and domestic cat. In the family Canidae, the wolf had an identical sequence to that of the dog 447b allele, and a repetitive sequence similar to the dog DRD4 was also recognized in the raccoon dog. On the other hand, no obvious repeated structure was observed in the sequences of the bear, raccoon and cat. KEY WORDS: Carnivora, dopamine receptor D4, repetitive sequence.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64(8):747-749, 2002 Human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) is polymorphic in terms of the repeat numbers of the 48-bp sequence in the third exon of the gene [15]. It has been demonstrated that the DRD4 genotype is possibly related to the personality trait known as novelty seeking [1,2]. We reported previously that DRD4 is also polymorphic in the dog (Canis familiaris) [10] and seven alleles were identified based on the number and/or order of 39-and 12-bp sequences located in the homologous region of human DRD4 [12]. In addition, a distinct difference in allele frequency was observed in several dog breeds with different behavioral traits [7,12] and the DRD4 genotype may be related to certain behavioral characteristics (e.g. aggression to dogs) in dog breeds [11].The sequence and repeated structure of the polymorphic region of the DRD4 gene differ considerably between primates [5,6,8,9] and dogs, and a repetitive sequence does not exist in the homologous region of the rat [3], mouse [13] and carp [4] DRD4 genes. The carnivores are classified into 231 species belonging to nine genera of seven families. Therefore, analysis of various species of the order Carnivora may provide useful information for understanding the origin of the repetitive region and diversity of the DRD4 genes in dogs. In the present study, we amplified the nucleotide sequences corresponding to the repetitive region in dog DRD4 employing the following species: the gray wolf (Canis lupus, n=8) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, n=3) of the family Canidae; the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus, n=13) of the family Ursidae; the common raccoon (Procyon lotor, n=7) of the family Procynidae; and the domestic cat (Felis sylvestris catus,

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“…A tandem repeat has been identified in exon III of the gene encoding DRD4 in several mammalian species. In prosimians, primates, and humans it is composed of 48-bp modules (Livak et al, 1995;Matsumoto et al, 1995;Inoue-Murayama et al, 1998), whereas the module size is 18 bp in equine species (Hasegawa et al, 2002) and in Cetaceans (L. Mogensen, unpublished data).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Tandem Repeats in Exon III of Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4) Genes from Different Mammalian Species

Larsen

Mogensen

Dietz³

et al. 2005

DNA and Cell Biology

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In this study we have identified and characterized dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon III tandem repeats in 33 public available nucleotide sequences from different mammalian species. We found that the tandem repeat in canids could be described in a novel and simple way, namely, as a structure composed of 15- and 12- bp modules. Tandem repeats composed of 18-bp modules were found in sequences from the horse, zebra, onager, and donkey, Asiatic bear, polar bear, common raccoon, dolphin, harbor porpoise, and domestic cat. Several of these sequences have been analyzed previously without a tandem repeat being found. In the domestic cow and gray seal we identified tandem repeats composed of 36-bp modules, each consisting of two closely related 18-bp basic units. A tandem repeat consisting of 9-bp modules was identified in sequences from mink and ferret. In the European otter we detected an 18-bp tandem repeat, while a tandem repeat consisting of 27-bp modules was identified in a sequence from European badger. Both these tandem repeats were composed of 9-bp basic units, which were closely related with the 9-bp repeat modules identified in the mink and ferret. Tandem repeats could not be identified in sequences from rodents. All tandem repeats possessed a high GC content with a strong bias for C. On phylogenetic analysis of the tandem repeats evolutionary related species were clustered into the same groups. The degree of conservation of the tandem repeats varied significantly between species. The deduced amino acid sequences of most of the tandem repeats exhibited a high propensity for disorder. This was also the case with an amino acid sequence of the human DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, which was included in the study for comparative purposes. We identified proline-containing motifs for SH3 and WW domain binding proteins, potential phosphorylation sites, PDZ domain binding motifs, and FHA domain binding motifs in the amino acid sequences of the tandem repeats. The numbers of potential functional sites varied pronouncedly between species. Our observations provide a platform for future studies of the architecture and evolution of the DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, and they suggest that differences in the structure of this tandem repeat contribute to specialization and generation of diversity in receptor function.

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Origin and divergence of tandem repeats of primate D4 dopamine receptor genes

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

Sequence Comparison of the Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon III Repetitive Region in Several Species of the Order Carnivora.

Identification and Characterization of Tandem Repeats in Exon III of Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4) Genes from Different Mammalian Species

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