Origin of warm springs in Banks Peninsula, New Zealand

Griffin, S.; Horton, Travis W.; Oze, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.09.013

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Another localized borehole derived heat flow anomaly with an associated shallow, ≤16 km DBMS, coincides with warm springs in Banks Peninsula which are attributed by Griffin et al. (2017) to be a structurally controlled upper‐crustal metamorphic hydrothermal system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…In the South Island, centered offshore northeast of Dunedin, borehole measurements (Figure 6) indicate a broad region of elevated heat flow, also associated with a mantle 3 He anomaly (Hoke et al, 2000), which is not recovered in the DBMS derived heat flow. Another localized borehole derived heat flow anomaly with an associated shallow, ≤16 km DBMS, coincides with warm springs in Banks Peninsula which are attributed by Griffin et al (2017) to be a structurally controlled upper-crustal metamorphic hydrothermal system.…”

Section: Onland Heat Flow and Impact Of Variable Curie Point Temperaturementioning

confidence: 88%

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The Thermal Structure of Central Te Riu a Māui/Zealandia Continent as Determined From the Depth to Base of Magnetic Sources

Miller,

Kirkby,

Mortimer

et al. 2023

JGR Solid Earth

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To investigate the thermal structure of central Te Riu a Māui/Zealandia continent we estimate the depth to base of magnetic sources (DBMS), using an updated compilation of magnetic data. We calculate thousands of power spectral density estimates and solve an analytic solution for the fractal distribution of magnetization using a Bayesian method constrained by a sediment thickness model. Our DBMS results are broadly similar to a global model yet show complex relationships with independent models of crust and elastic thicknesses, and depth to base of seismicity (D90). Across central Zealandia, DBMS occurs above, coincident with, and below the Moho reflecting that factors additional to temperature influence DBMS. Away from subduction zones crustal thickness likely modulates DBMS while plate margins show varying influence dependent on margin characteristics. In the Taupō Volcanic Zone we interpret DBMS to reflect Curie point temperature at an average depth of 9–11 km. Error analysis shows that the choice of prior influences the posterior standard deviation and can result in counter intuitive error versus DBMS relationships. We use the DBMS as a basal temperature isotherm in heat flow models to compare with heat flow derived from borehole temperature measurements. Using the standard Curie point temperature of 580°C we find that DBMS derived heat flow models over estimate heat flow in areas underlain by plutonic rocks. We propose this reflects a higher titanomagnetite content in these rocks, although detailed studies of the magnetic mineralogy of Zealandia's plutonic rocks are required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Onland Heat Flow and Impact Of Variable Curie Point Temperaturementioning

confidence: 88%

The Thermal Structure of Central Te Riu a Māui/Zealandia Continent as Determined From the Depth to Base of Magnetic Sources

Miller,

Kirkby,

Mortimer

et al. 2023

JGR Solid Earth

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The lower crust is broadly characterized by enhanced conductivity and likely associated with partial melting at high temperatures [18,72,88,89]. Additionally, the XJF is characterized by moderately high total strain rates and low 3 He/ 4 He values (mostly <0.10 RA), suggesting that crustal He degassing dominates such fault regions [35]. Thus, we inferred that the XJF acted as a tunnel of these groundwaters in the crust which could be heated by hot material in this region.…”

Section: The Hydrogeochemical Circulation Model Of Hot Spring Waters In Xiaojiang Faultmentioning

confidence: 86%

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Hot Springs and Their Short-Term Seismic Precursor Anomalies along the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, Southeast Tibet Plateau

Zhou

Yan

et al. 2021

Water

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Significant hydrogeochemical changes may occur prior- and post-earthquakes. The Xiaojiang fault zone (XJF), situated in a highly deformed area of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the active seismic areas. In this study, major and trace elements, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of 28 sites in hot springs along the XJF were investigated from June 2015 to April 2019. The meteoric water acts as the primary water source of the hot spring in the XJF and recharged elevations ranged from 1.8 to 4.5 km. Most of the hot spring water in the study area was immature water and the water–rock reaction degree was weak. The temperature range was inferred from an equation based on the SiO2 concentration and chemical geothermal modeling: 24.3~96.0 °C. The circulation depth for the springs was estimated from 0.45 to 4.04 km. We speculated the meteoric water firstly infiltrated underground and became heated by heat sources, and later circulated to the earth’s surface along the fault and fracture and finally constituted hot spring recharge. Additionally, a continuous monitoring was conducted every three days in the Xundian hot spring since April 2019, and in Panxi and Qujiang hot springs since June 2019. There were short-term (4–35 d) seismic precursor anomalies of the hydrochemical compositions prior to the Xundian ML4.2, Dongchuan ML4.2, and Shuangbai ML5.1 earthquakes. The epicentral distance of anomalous sites ranged from 19.1 to 192.8 km. The anomalous amplitudes were all over 2 times the anomaly threshold. The concentrations of Na+, Cl−, and SO42− are sensitive to the increase of stress in the XJF. Modeling on hydrology cycles of hot springs can provide a plausible physicochemical basis to explain geochemical anomalies in water and the hydrogeochemical anomaly may be useful in future earthquake prediction research of the study area.

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“…The possible explanations for such changes include deep crustal fluid upwelling, mixing of water in different aquifers due to the rupture or crustal strain changes before and after earthquakes [17][18][19][20][21]. Therefore, research on the distribution pattern and the geochemical and isotopic changes in thermal springs is one of the practical ways to reveal fault activity [6,10,[22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemistry and Precursory Anomalies in Thermal Springs of Fujian (Southeastern China) Associated with Earthquakes in the Taiwan Strait

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Water

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Analyzing the hydrochemical composition in thermal springs is an advantageous method for studying the coupling mechanism of the deep and shallow fluids in active fault zones. Here we conducted sampling in 30 thermal springs near fault zones in Fujian Province, and the major elements, trace elements, silica, stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) and strontium isotopes were tested in the laboratory. The results show that (1) the thermal springs in the study area can be divided into six types according to the content of the major elements: HCO3-Na, HCO3·SO4-Na, Cl·HCO3-Na, Cl-Na, Cl-Na·Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca; (2) hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that precipitation is the main source of recharge for thermal springs in the study area, and the recharge height is between 258 m and 1859 m; (3) the content of SiO2 in the thermal spring varies from 18.1 mg/L to 59.3 mg/L. The geothermal reservoir temperature calculated is 90~226 °C, and the circulation depth is 2.9~5.4 km, except for the W10 thermal spring, whose circulation depth is 8.4 km; and (4) the 87Sr/86Sr of the thermal springs in southwestern Fujian and eastern Fujian has obviously different characteristics, indicating the influence of different rock formations on the groundwater cycle process. Additionally, a continuous measurement of the main anions and cations was performed in five thermal springs every three days since January 2020. There were obvious abnormal changes in the hydrochemical compositions, chlorine in four of the five springs, sodium at three springs, and four ions at one spring, which all showed abnormal high-value changes by 15% to 80%, and which occurred 85~168 days prior to the M6.1 earthquake in Hualien, Taiwan. An inspiration could be provided for obtaining effective earthquake precursor anomalies by monitoring the change in ion concentration in thermal springs.

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Origin of warm springs in Banks Peninsula, New Zealand

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

The Thermal Structure of Central Te Riu a Māui/Zealandia Continent as Determined From the Depth to Base of Magnetic Sources

The Thermal Structure of Central Te Riu a Māui/Zealandia Continent as Determined From the Depth to Base of Magnetic Sources

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Hot Springs and Their Short-Term Seismic Precursor Anomalies along the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, Southeast Tibet Plateau

Hydrogeochemistry and Precursory Anomalies in Thermal Springs of Fujian (Southeastern China) Associated with Earthquakes in the Taiwan Strait

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