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Objectives:Little is known about the prediction of reading comprehension for early and later elementary grades in Korea. The purpose of this study is to explore the relative contribution of word decoding and language skills to reading comprehension across grades. Specifically, this study examined whether vocabulary and syntactic knowledge might differentially affect reading comprehension across grades. Methods: One hundred six children in grades 1 to 3 and 68 children in grades 4 to 6 participated in this study. All of the children scored 70 or higher on the nonverbal intelligence test. All participants were tested to evaluate reading comprehension, word decoding, receptive vocabulary, syntactic skills, phonological awareness and rapid naming. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine which variables of word decoding and language would contribute to reading comprehension. Results: In the early elementary grades, word decoding, receptive vocabulary, and rapid naming accounted for unique variances in reading comprehension. In the later elementary grades, however, syntactic skills, phonological awareness, and rapid naming were main the differentiating factors in reading comprehension levels. Conclusion:The results of this study were consistent with previous studies which have indicated that word decoding is a stronger predictor of reading comprehension in early elementary grades while language skills are a more important predictor of reading comprehension in late elementary grades. Further studies should be carried out to explore the use of word decoding speed as well as word decoding accuracy to measure their respective contribution to reading comprehension in transparent orthography.
Objectives:Little is known about the prediction of reading comprehension for early and later elementary grades in Korea. The purpose of this study is to explore the relative contribution of word decoding and language skills to reading comprehension across grades. Specifically, this study examined whether vocabulary and syntactic knowledge might differentially affect reading comprehension across grades. Methods: One hundred six children in grades 1 to 3 and 68 children in grades 4 to 6 participated in this study. All of the children scored 70 or higher on the nonverbal intelligence test. All participants were tested to evaluate reading comprehension, word decoding, receptive vocabulary, syntactic skills, phonological awareness and rapid naming. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine which variables of word decoding and language would contribute to reading comprehension. Results: In the early elementary grades, word decoding, receptive vocabulary, and rapid naming accounted for unique variances in reading comprehension. In the later elementary grades, however, syntactic skills, phonological awareness, and rapid naming were main the differentiating factors in reading comprehension levels. Conclusion:The results of this study were consistent with previous studies which have indicated that word decoding is a stronger predictor of reading comprehension in early elementary grades while language skills are a more important predictor of reading comprehension in late elementary grades. Further studies should be carried out to explore the use of word decoding speed as well as word decoding accuracy to measure their respective contribution to reading comprehension in transparent orthography.
Objectives: There has been insufficient work done to explore underpinning components of different reading comprehension tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential patterns of relations of components to two widely used assessments of reading comprehension. Methods: One hundred and twenty-seven typically developing children in grade 3 to 4 completed two measures of reading comprehension in 'open-ended question task' and 'cloze task formats'. Assessments to measure nonverbal IQ, phonological memory, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, receptive vocabulary, and word reading were also undertaken. Results: Correlation and regression analyses indicated that the two measures of reading comprehension are influenced by common components such as receptive vocabulary and phonological awareness. The findings also suggested that while morphological awareness predicted reading comprehension ability measured in 'open-ended question task format' , phonological memory and nonverbal IQ predicted the ability in 'cloze task format'. Conclusion: Even though common main components that predict reading comprehension exist, the differential patterns of relations and predictions of other components reflect that different measures might tap different components. The results also indicate that there might be differences in the underlying processing of two reading comprehension measures. In the future, the same approaches in this study should be used for children with comprehension difficulties in reading.
This work is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Yongin University.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify differences in spelling performances between children with language-learning disabilities and typical developing children from first grade to third grade in elementary school, compared in parallel, by spelling rules and phonological rules. Methods: A total of 20 students from 1st to 3rd grade participated in this study. Research tools were composed of four different types of assignments based on different spelling types, which were dictation based assessments selected upon four different phonological rules. Results: First, there were significant differences between children with language-learning disabilities and typical developing children by spelling type. Also, there were significant interactions between groups and spelling type. Second, significant differences were observed between children with language-learning disabilities and typical developing children by phonological rules. There were no interaction effects between groups and spelling type. Third, children with language-learning disabilities made more errors than typical developing children in phonological processing and orthographic processing, whereas the difference between the two groups in morphological processing errors was no significant. Conclusion: The difference in spelling performance by spelling type and phonological rules suggest that we must take spelling types and phonological rules into account when teaching spelling skills to children with language-learning disabilities. In particular, differences in the number of morphemes observed in spelling performances imply that we must consider incorporating morpheme developing disciplines when teaching in spelling skills. Song-I Han, et al. • Spelling of School-Aged Children with LLD 한 예측변인을 살펴본 결과 어휘, 표기인식, 형태인식, 자음소리, 단 어인지는 철자능력과 관련된 예측변인에 포함되며, 어휘, 형태인식, 작동기억, 듣기이해, 읽기이해, 철자는 작문능력의 예측변인으로 나타났다. Jo, Kim과 Jeong (2006)은 음운인식과 단어읽기가 유아 의 쓰기능력과 유의한 상관이 있으며, 무의미 단어읽기, 음소인식 순으로 쓰기능력 점수를 예측해준다고 보고하였다. 또한 철자쓰기에 영향을 미치는 주요 변인으로 철자지식과 자 소-음소 대응규칙에 대한 지식을 들 수 있는데, 이 중 철자인식 혹 은 철자지식(orthographic knowledge)은 우리 기억 속에 저장된 구 어를 문어의 형식으로 표현하는 패턴이나 방법에 대한 정보를 의미 한다(Apel, 2011). Chung (2015)은 철자지식이 뚜렷하게 발달한 아 동은 철자에 의식적으로 주의를 기울이지 않아도 좀 더 복잡한 문 장이나 작문에 몰입할 수 있다고 하였으며, 불완전하게 형성된 철 자의 표상을 수정하거나 더 정확하게 쓰기 위해서는 음운, 형태 그 리고 철자패턴에 관한 지식이 형성되어야 한다고 하였다. 이 중 영어권 연구에서는 철자쓰기 발달을 일반적으로 소리 또 는 음운처리 단계, 패턴 또는 표기처리 단계, 의미 또는 형태처리 단 계로 나누어 설명하고 있다(Henderson, 1990). 음운처리 단계에서 아동은 단어의 소리와 글자 또는 낱자를 연결시켜 철자하고, 패턴 또는 표기처리 단계에서는 모든 단어가 자소-음소 대응관계를 통 해 철자되지 않음을 인식하고 위치에 따라 철자되는 원리를 적용하 고 이해하게 된다. 마지막으로 의미 또는 형태처리 단계에서는 의미 를 지닌 단어부분은 발음이 바뀌어도 철자는 변하지 않는다는 것 을 인식하고 적용한다(Adams, 1990; Henderson, 1990). 반면 우리 나라 연구에서 Kim (2009)은 한글이 자소-음소 일대일 대응을 원 칙으로 하지만, 하나의 뜻을 나타내는 글자의 형태가 단어 내에서 위치에 따라 다르게 발음되는 경우가 많은 것이 특징이라고 하였 다. 이로써 외국의 선행연구에서 제시한 철자발달 단계가 한글에 서도 비슷한 패턴을 보인다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 한글의 경우 에는 음운규칙이 적용되는 단어가 상당히 많기 때문에 음운규칙 별 발달패턴을 포함해서 살펴볼 필요가 있다. Yang (2014)은 초등 학교 저학년을 대상으로 철자발달 특성을 연구한 결과 철자유형...
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