Osteocytes regulate osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity through Interleukin-6 under mechanical loading

Abstract

Osteocytes are the major mechanosensors that respond to mechanical strain and regulate bone formation and resorption.

β-Carotene: a natural osteogen to fabricate osteoinductive electrospun scaffolds

“…[4][5][6][7] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a main source of adult stem cells, have found numerous applications in tissue engineering and cell therapy due to their ability to selfreproduce and differentiate into a range of cells and tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, ligament, and fat. [8][9][10][11] MSCs have been the focus of recent studies in bone tissue engineering, in which they are seeded in a scaffold and induced to generate new osteogenic cells via osteoinductive cues. [12][13][14] Appropriate bioactive cues encapsulated within the scaffolds can not only regulate cell adhesion and proliferation, but also enhance osteogenic differentiation.…”

IL-6 and the dysregulation of immune, bone, muscle, and metabolic homeostasis during spaceflight

“…Despite these difficulties, studies have consistently shown that spaceflight is associated with immune dysregulation, including alterations in surface markers, tissue distribution, cytokine production, phagocytic capacity, and anti-viral activity of immune cells, 24 – 50 Also well documented are the accelerated losses in bone and muscle mass and the loss of muscle strength and endurance during spaceflight. 65 – 72 , 80 – 84 …”

“…Bone formation is reduced, and bone remodeling is impaired in IL-6 knockout (IL-6 - / - ) mice, 70 and Harris and associates found that orbital spaceflight caused impaired osteoblast function associated with a reduction IL-6 mRNA expression. 71 Using cultures of murine osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclast precursors, and compressive cyclic forces, Hao and associates found that IL-6 + sIL-6R increased osteocyte-mediated osteoblast differentiation and inhibited osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast differentiation under mechanical loading via STAT3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways 72 …”

WISP-2 expression induced by Teriparatide treatment affects in vitro osteoblast differentiation and improves in vivo osteogenesis

“…However, the role of osteocytes in osteoblast regulation, under both physiologic and pathologic conditions, is not fully characterized. Several lines of evidences indicate that osteocytes affect osteoblast differentiation and bone deposition in various ways: for example, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.110817 Received 21 November 2019; Received in revised form 24 February 2020; Accepted 4 April 2020 osteocytes regulate osteogenic response through IL-6 production via the STAT3 and ERK signaling pathway (Hao et al, 2017). Moreover, osteocytes subjected to Pulsating Fluid Flow stimulate the differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro via soluble factors such as TGF-β (Vezeridis et al, 2006).…”