Other factors to consider in the formation of chloropropandiol fatty esters in oil processes

Abstract

This paper examines the processing steps of extracting palm oil from fresh fruit bunches in a way that may impact on the formation of chloropropandiol fatty esters (3-MCPD esters), particularly during refining. Diacylglycerols (DAGs) do not appear to be a critical factor when crude palm oils are extracted from various qualities of fruit bunches. Highly hydrolysed oils, in spite of the high free fatty acid (FFA) contents, did not show exceptionally high DAGs, and the oils did not display a higher formation of 3-MCPD esters upon heat treatment. However, acidity measured in terms of pH appears to have a strong impact on 3-MCPD ester formation in the crude oil when heated at high temperatures. The differences in the extraction process of crude palm oil from current commercial processes and that from a modified experimental process showed clearly the effect of acidity of the oil on the formation of 3-MCPD esters. This paper concludes that the washing or dilution step in palm oil mills removes the acidity of the vegetative materials and that a well-optimised dilution/washing step in the extraction process will play an important role in reducing formation of 3-MCPD esters in crude palm oil upon further heat processing.

Discrimination of processing grades of olive oil and other vegetable oils by monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters

“…indicating that olive oil and peanut oil generate higher levels of 3-MCPD esters than seed oils (rapeseed oil, sunflower oils) due to elevated DAG levels (Franke, Strijowski, Fleck, & Pudel, 2009;Hamlet et al, 2015;Ramli, Siew, Ibrahim, Kuntom, & Abd Razak, 2015;Zelinkova et al, 2006).…”

Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality

“…During refining process at high temperature, chloride can react with the glycerol backbone of lipids to produce 3‐MCPDE (Craft et al., 2012 ; Šmidrkal et al., 2016 ; Tiong et al., 2018 ). The lower FFA level in E‐CPO was translated to a lower acidity of the oil which help to reduce the formation of 3‐MCPDE (Ramli et al., 2015 ). A lower content of partial aycylglygerols specifically DAG in E‐CPO often resulted in lower amount of 3‐MCPDE and GE in its refined oil (E‐RPO) (Craft et al., 2012 ; Šmidrkal et al., 2016 ).…”

A Revisit to the Formation and Mitigation of 3-Chloropropane-1,2-Diol in Palm Oil Production

“…The use of acidic degumming and acidic bleaching corresponded with a higher 3-MCPD ester content in the bleached palm oil (BPO) compared with water degumming and neutral bleaching [78]. The modified commercial palm oil extraction process by utilizing an evaporator for water-oil separation also yielded an acidic crude oil, with pH 4, and the in-vitro thermal treatment of the obtained oil resulted in a high 3-MCPD ester level [110].…”