Outbreaks Associated with Treated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

Hlavsa, Michele C.; Cikesh, Bryanna L.; Roberts, Virginia A.; Kahler, Amy M.; Vigar, Marissa; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Wade, Timothy J.; Roellig, Dawn M.; Murphy, Jennifer L.; Xiao, Lihua; Yates, Kirsten; Kunz, Jasen; Arduino, Matthew J.; Reddy, Sujan; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Cooley, Laura A.; Beach, Michael J.; Hill, Vincent R.; Yoder, Jonathan S.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a3

Cited by 63 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The desire to use coliphages as viral indicators for fecal water contamination is motivated by research findings that suggest viral pathogens are significant causative agents of gastroenteric disease in recreational waters and that coliphages better mimic the fate of enteric viruses than indicator bacteria (Costán-Longares et al, 2008;Jiang, Chu, & He, 2007;Jofre, Lucena, Blanch, & Muniesa, 2016;Lee, Dawson, Ward, Surman, & Neal, 1997;Sinclair, Jones, & Gerba, 2009;Soller, Bartrand, Ashbolt, Ravenscroft, & Wade, 2010). For instance, recent work by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) suggested that viral exposure was linked to approximately 36% and 44% of the untreated recreational water acquired illnesses reported to the CDC from 2009 to 2010 and from 2011 to 2012, respectively (Hlavsa et al, 2014(Hlavsa et al, , 2015. Others have estimated higher values of up to 56% based on quantitative microbial risk assessments (Soller et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Worley-Morse

Mann

Khunjar

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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A year‐long sampling campaign at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) was conducted to assess the treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses. Influent concentrations of viral indicators (male‐specific and somatic coliphages) and bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) remained relatively constant, typically varying by one order of magnitude over the course of the year. Annual average bacterial indicator reduction ranged from 4.0 to 6.7 logs, and annual average viral indicator reduction ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 logs. Bacterial and viral indicator reduction depended on the WRRF's treatment processes, and bacterial indicator reduction was greater than viral indicator reduction for many processes. Viral reduction (adenovirus 41, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII) was more similar to viral indicator reduction than bacterial indicator reduction. Overall, this work suggests that viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. Moreover, for the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.Practitioner points A year‐long sampling campaign was conducted at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs).The treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses were assessed.Viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes.For the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Worley-Morse

Mann

Khunjar

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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“…Cryptosporidiosis is also strongly associated with child malnutrition and developmental stunting 4,5 . Cryptosporidium parasites were previously best known as a frequent cause of chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised people, such as those with AIDS or following organ transplantation, and in the United States they account for more than 85% of waterborne diarrheal disease for which a pathogen is identified [6][7][8] . Cryptosporidiosis is also a large economic concern for beef and milk producers, and infection of cattle may contribute to contamination of water supplies and human outbreaks 9,10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a potent benzoxaborole drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis

Lunde¹,

Stebbins²,

Jumani³

et al. 2019

Nat Commun

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Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea in young children and causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients, but the only approved treatment is ineffective in malnourished children and immunocompromised people. We here use a drug repositioning strategy and identify a promising anticryptosporidial drug candidate. Screening a library of benzoxaboroles comprised of analogs to four antiprotozoal chemical scaffolds under pre-clinical development for neglected tropical diseases for Cryptosporidium growth inhibitors identifies the 6-carboxamide benzoxaborole AN7973. AN7973 blocks intracellular parasite development, appears to be parasiticidal, and potently inhibits the two Cryptosporidium species most relevant to human health, C. parvum and C. hominis . It is efficacious in murine models of both acute and established infection, and in a neonatal dairy calf model of cryptosporidiosis. AN7973 also possesses favorable safety, stability, and PK parameters, and therefore, is an exciting drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis.

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“…The outbreaks of known infectious etiology were caused by a diverse array of chlorine-susceptible pathogens, including enteric bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Many of the pathogens that cause outbreaks in untreated recreational water venues rarely cause outbreaks in treated recreational water (e.g., pools) ( 2 ). Well-operated, treated recreational water venues in which water disinfectant (chlorine or bromine) concentrations are properly maintained are at decreased risk for pathogen transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

Graciaa¹,

Cope²,

Roberts³

et al. 2018

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Outbreaks Associated with Treated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

Cited by 63 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Identification of a potent benzoxaborole drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis

Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

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