Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

Graciaa, Daniel S.; Cope, Jennifer R.; Roberts, Virginia A.; Cikesh, Bryanna L.; Kahler, Amy M.; Vigar, Marissa; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Wade, Timothy J.; Backer, Lorraine C.; Montgomery, Susan P.; Secor, W. Evan; Hill, Vincent R.; Beach, Michael J.; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Yoder, Jonathan S.; Hlavsa, Michele C.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a1

Cited by 65 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Indicator organisms are bacteria that are used as a signal of quality/hygienic condition in the environment (air, food and water). To determine the potential presence of enteric pathogens in beach sand and/or coastal water, indicator organisms are currently the functional standard, given their association with fresh faecal pollution (NRC, 2004; Harwood et al., 2017) and hence pathogens (WHO, 1998; Graciaa et al., 2018). Enterococcus and E. coli are currently regarded as indicator organisms of choice for the determination of the microbiological quality of marine water (WHO, 2003; Boehm and Sassoubre, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational water quality status of the Kidd's Beach as determined by its physicochemical and bacteriological quality parameters

Adeniji

Sibanda

Okoh

2019

Heliyon

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Coastal water resources are habitually exposed to indiscriminate anthropogenic pollution. However, due to their negative consequences to the public health, recreational waters require continuous monitoring for disease-causing organisms as a way of preventing ailments associated with swimming. As a result, the present study assessed the physicochemical parameters and microbial loads of water samples collected from six different sampling points on Kidd's Beach using standard analytical procedures. Generated data were analysed with One-way ANOVA and spearman correlation (at 95%). The physicochemical qualities varied as follows: pH (7.21–8.23), temperature (18.46–27.63 °C), turbidity (0–25.67 NTU), electrical conductivity (22723–62067 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (7662–31037 mg/L), and salinity (8.95–41.84 PSU). All these measured parameters were significantly different ( P < 0.05) with respect to the sampling sites. Presumptive Enterococcus counts ranged from 64 – 168 CFU/100 mL of water samples. Out of 409 presumptive Enterococcus isolates obtained from the culture-based method, 67 were confirmed to be Enterococcus by PCR-techniques. From the 67 confirmed isolates, 19 (E. faecalis ) and 40( E. feacium ) while 8(other species that were non-targeted). Findings from this study shown that Kidd's Beach water samples contain some pathogenic bacteria that pose high risk to the public health and make it to be unfit for recreational use when compared to DWAF and US EPA guidelines. Therefore, effort should be made to strictly control all activities contributing to the level of pollution in the marine environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational water quality status of the Kidd's Beach as determined by its physicochemical and bacteriological quality parameters

Adeniji

Sibanda

Okoh

2019

Heliyon

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“…Recreation in untreated rivers and lakes is a known cause of disease outbreaks [20], and studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis have also identified freshwater swimming as a risk factor [21][22]. Recreational contact with local waters may have contributed to the increases in AGI we observed following heavy precipitation; however, the association was present only during the spring season when recreational contact is likely limited due to cold river water temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Heavy precipitation, drinking water source, and acute gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia, 2015-2017

et al. 2020

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Runoff from heavy precipitation events can lead to microbiological contamination of source waters for public drinking water supplies. Philadelphia is a city of interest for a study of waterborne acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) because of frequent heavy precipitation, extensive impervious landcover, and combined sewer systems that lead to overflows. We conducted a time-series analysis of the association between heavy precipitation and AGI incidence in Philadelphia, served by drinking water from Delaware River and Schuylkill River source waters. AGI cases on each day during the study period (2015-2017) were captured through syndromic surveillance of patients' chief complaint upon presentation at local emergency departments. Daily precipitation was represented by measurements at the Philadelphia International Airport and by modeled precipitation within the watershed boundaries, and we also evaluated stream flowrate as a proxy of precipitation. We estimated the association using distributed lag nonlinear models, assuming a quasi-Poisson distribution of the outcome variable and with adjustment for potential confounding by seasonal and long-term time trends, ambient temperature, day-of-week, and major holidays. We observed an association between heavy precipitation and AGI incidence in Philadelphia that was primarily limited to the spring season, with significant increases in AGI that peaked from 8 to 16 days following a heavy precipitation event. For example, the increase in AGI incidence related to airport precipitation above the 95 th percentile (vs no precipitation) during spring reached statistical significance on lag day 7, peaked on day 16 (102% increase, 95% confidence interval: 16%, 252%), and declined while remaining significantly elevated through day 28. Similar associations were observed in analyses of watershed-specific precipitation in relation to AGI cases within the populations served by drinking water from each river. Our results suggest that heavy precipitation events in Philadelphia result in detectable local increases in waterborne AGI.

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“…One study detected up to 4 log titer of human norovirus GI and GII particles per mL in secondary-treated municipal wastewater in the United States [14]. Contaminated surface water has been linked to norovirus outbreaks after recreational use, and irrigation of vegetables and fruits [8][9][10]58]. Based on the need to eliminate noroviruses from surface or post-harvest wash waters, this study investigated the survival of human norovirus surrogates in water subjected to various chemicals, physical treatments and antibacterial chitosan microparticles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Survey studies of the U.S and Europe have estimated that human noroviruses account for 59% of produce-related outbreaks [3] and these viral genomes are repeatedly detected on market-ready produce [4][5][6][7]. In addition, untreated recreational waters have been linked to norovirus disease outbreaks [8][9][10]. The presence of human pathogens in environmental waters that are used for drinking, recreation, and agricultural use is of increasing concern in the U.S. due to their ability to facilitate disease outbreaks [3,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Water upon Exposure to Thermal and Non-Thermal Antiviral Treatments

Zhu

Barnes

Bhar

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Human noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide and disease outbreaks have been linked to contaminated surface waters as well as to produce consumption. Noroviruses are extremely stable in water and their presence is being detected with increasing frequency, yet there are no viable methods for reducing norovirus contamination in environmental water. Despite this, there is little knowledge regarding the physical and chemical factors that influence the environmental persistence of this pathogen. This study evaluated the impact of common chemical and physical properties of surface water on the stability of murine norovirus and examined the effect of food-safe chitosan microparticles on infectivity of two human norovirus surrogates. While chemical additives had a minor impact on virus survival, chitosan microparticles significantly reduced infectious titers of both murine norovirus and MS2 bacteriophage.

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Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water — United States, 2000–2014

Cited by 65 publications

References 6 publications

Recreational water quality status of the Kidd's Beach as determined by its physicochemical and bacteriological quality parameters

Recreational water quality status of the Kidd's Beach as determined by its physicochemical and bacteriological quality parameters

Heavy precipitation, drinking water source, and acute gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia, 2015-2017

Survival of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Water upon Exposure to Thermal and Non-Thermal Antiviral Treatments

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