Outside‐in control – does plant cell wall integrity regulate cell cycle progression?

Abstract

During recent years it has become accepted that plant cell walls are not inert objects surrounding all plant cells but are instead highly dynamic, plastic structures. They are involved in a large number of cell biological processes and contribute actively to plant growth, development and interaction with environment. Therefore, it is not surprising that cellular processes can control plant cell wall integrity (CWI) while, simultaneously, CWI can influence cellular processes. In yeast and animal cells such a bidirectional relationship also exists between the yeast/animal extracellular matrices and the cell cycle. In yeast, the CWI maintenance mechanism and a dedicated plasma membrane integrity checkpoint are mediating this relationship. Recent research has yielded insights into the mechanism controlling plant cell wall metabolism during cytokinesis. However, the knowledge regarding putative regulatory pathways controlling adaptive modifications in plant cell cycle activity in response to changes in the state of the plant cell wall are not yet identified. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in regulatory mechanisms coordinating extracellular matrices and cell cycle activity in animal and yeast cells, discuss the available evidence supporting the existence of such a mechanism in plants and suggest that the plant CWI maintenance mechanism might also control cell cycle activity in plant cells.

Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment

“…In plants, knowledge regarding modification of cell cycle activity in response to mechanical forces or CWI impairment is very limited 82 . Inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis by mutations in CESAs leads to redistribution of PIN1 in the SAM and reduction in the mitotic index of SAM cells 83 .…”

New steps in mucilage biosynthesis revealed by analysis of the transcriptome of the UDP-rhamnose/UDP-galactose transporter 2 mutant

“…The plant cell wall is a highly dynamic structure composed of hemicellulose, pectins, proteins, cellulose, and aromatic compounds which surround the cell membrane acting as a physical barrier, influencing plant development, cell morphology and also controlling external environmental cues (Verhertbruggen et al , 2013; Levesque-Tremblay et al , 2015; Rasool et al , 2017; Wolf et al , 2017). The tight synergistic regulation between the integrity of cell walls and physiological as well as environmental factors comprises the control of a large repertoire of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism (Höfte and Voxeur, 2017; Barnes and Anderson, 2018; Gigli-Bisceglia and Hamann, 2018). Hence, coordinated changes of the cell wall composition and structure allow plants to grow and react to external factors, indicating that cell walls can functionally adapt to respond to new environmental cues.…”

Cell wall integrity modulates Arabidopsis thaliana cell cycle gene expression in a cytokinin- and nitrate reductase-dependent manner

“…This is achieved by active modulation of the wall metabolism that underpins the carbohydrate-based complex wall structure, consisting mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, lignin and different cell wall proteins (Höfte and Voxeur, 2017). Despite a need for coordination between plant cell wall metabolism and cell division, the processes underlying this coordination are largely unknown (Gigli-Bisceglia and Hamann, 2018). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism is intricately involved in this coordination (Levin, 2011), with a dedicated checkpoint monitoring CWI and regulating cell cycle progression (Kono et al, 2016;Levin, 2011).…”