Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health.

Colvin, C. Randall; Block, Jack; Funder, David C.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152

Cited by 575 publications

(644 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Earlier research has shown that narcissists are seen as less likable over longer periods of time (Colvin, Block, & Funder, 1995;Paulhus, 1998), yet we find that the highest-paid CEOs are those who are highest in narcissism and with the longest tenure. This suggests that while narcissists may be less likable, their sensitivity to criticism and low empathy may help them eliminate those who might challenge them or fail to acknowledge their brilliance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 33%

Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation

OʼReilly¹,

Doerr²,

Caldwell³

et al. 2014

The Leadership Quarterly

228

151

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Narcissism is characterized by traits such as dominance, self-confidence, a sense of entitlement, grandiosity, and low empathy. There is growing evidence that individuals with these characteristics often emerge as leaders, and that narcissistic CEOs may make more impulsive and risky decisions. We suggest that these tendencies may also affect how compensation is allocated among top management teams. Using employee ratings of personality for the CEOs of 32 prominent high-technology firms, we investigate whether more narcissistic CEOs have compensation packages that are systematically different from their less narcissistic peers, and specifically whether these differences increase the longer the CEO stays with the firm. As predicted, we find that more narcissistic CEOs who have been with their firm longer receive more total direct compensation (salary, bonus, and stock options), have more money in their total shareholdings, and have larger discrepancies between their own (higher) compensation and the other members of their team.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 33%

Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation

OʼReilly¹,

Doerr²,

Caldwell³

et al. 2014

The Leadership Quarterly

228

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although self-enhancers may be interpersonally offensive (Colvin et al, 1995;John & Robins, 1994;Paulhus, 1998), they are viewed by others as no better or worse adjusted than average. Other readers might argue that neither self-ratings nor informant ratings will suffice: Clinical expert judges are necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the extent that critics were correct (e.g., Colvin et al, 1995;John & Robins, 1994), over-claiming should show a negative association with adjustment.…”

Section: Study 4 Application To the Positive Illusions Debatementioning

confidence: 99%

The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability.

Paulhus¹,

Harms²,

Bruce³

et al. 2003

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

435

484

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Over-claiming is a concrete operalization of self-enhancement based on respondents' ratings of their knowledge of various persons, events, products, and so on. Because 20% of the items are nonexistent, responses can be analyzed with signal detection formulas to index both response bias (over-claiming) and accuracy (knowledge). Study 1 demonstrated convergence of over-claiming with alternative measures of self-enhancement but independence from cognitive ability. In Studies 2-3, the validity of the overclaiming index held even when respondents were (a) warned about the foils or (b) asked to fake good. Study 3 also showed the utility of the over-claiming index for diagnosing faking. In Study 4, the over-claiming technique was applied to the debate over the adaptive value of positive illusions.

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“…Other research demonstrates that people whose views of themselves are overly favorable, relative to reports by independent observers or peer informants, show numerous psychological and social difficulties, both longitudinally and cross-sectionally ( Colvin, Block, & Funder, 1995 ). For example, men who were highly self-enhancing at age 18 were described by observer Q sorts at age 23 as having fluctuating moods, being deceitful and distrustful, and having brittle defenses.…”

Section: Other Studies Documenting Unconscious Emotional Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.

Westen

1998

Psychological Bulletin

342

233

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Although commentators periodically declare that Freud is dead, his repeated burials lie on shaky grounds. Critics typically attack an archaic version of psychodynamic theory that most clinicians similarly consider obsolete. Central to contemporary psychodynamic theory is a series of propositions about (a) unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; (b) ambivalence and the tendency for affective and motivational dynamics to operate in parallel and produce compromise solutions; (c) the origins of many personality and social dispositions in childhood; (d) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships; and (e) developmental dynamics. An enormous body of research in cognitive, social, developmental, and personality psychology now supports many of these propositions. Freud's scientific legacy has implications for a wide range of domains in psychology, such as integration of affective and motivational constraints into connectionist models in cognitive science.Freud, like Elvis, has been dead for a number of years but continues to be cited with some regularity. Although the majority of clinicians report that they rely to some degree upon psychodynamic 1 principles in their work ( Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987 ), most researchers consider psychodynamic ideas to be at worst absurd and obsolete and at best irrelevant or of little scientific interest. In the lead article of a recent edition of Psychological Science, Crews (1996) arrived at a conclusion shared by many: " [T]here is literally nothing to be said, scientifically or therapeutically, to the advantage of the entire Freudian system or any of its component dogmas" (p. 63).Despite the explosion of empirical studies of unconscious cognitive processes (see, e.g., Greenwald, 1992 ;Kihlstrom, 1987 ;Schacter, 1992 ), few reference Freud; none cite any contemporary psychodynamic work; and in general, psychodynamic concepts are decreasingly represented in the major psychology journals ( Robins & Craik, 1994 ). The situation is similar in the popular media and in broader intellectual discourse. Publications ranging from Time to the New York Review of Books periodically publish Freud's intellectual obituary, with critics charging that Freud's ideas-such as his dual-instinct theory or his hypotheses about female personality development-are seriously out of date and without scientific merit (e.g., Crews, 1993 ).Many aspects of Freudian theory are indeed out of date, and they should be: Freud died in 1939, and he has been slow to undertake further revisions. His critics, however, are equally behind the times, attacking countenance was last sighted in earnest. Contemporary psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists no longer write much about ids and egos, nor do they conceive of treatment for psychological disorders as an archaeological expedition in search of lost memories ( Aron, 1996 ;Gabbard, 1994 ;Horowitz, 1988 ;Kolb, Cooper, & Fishman, 1995 ;Mitchell, 1988 ;Wachtel, 1993 ). People do sometimes describe feelings or behav...

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Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health.

Cited by 575 publications

References 48 publications

Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation

Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation

The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability.

The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.

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