Overview and Classification of Interferences in the Frequency Range 2–150 kHz (Supraharmonics)

Meyer, Jan; Khokhlov, Victor; Klatt, Matthias; Blum, J.; Waniek, Christian; Wohlfahrt, Thomas; Myrzik, J.M.A.

doi:10.1109/speedam.2018.8445344

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This can lead to additional heating of those and a reduced lifetime. Furthermore, audible noise (2 -20 kHz falls into the human hearing range), malfunction of equipment (e.g., charging interruptions and high errors in energy metering), malfunction of power-line communication (PLC) and possibly tripping of residual current devices (RCDs) have been reported [82], [83]. Regarding DCFCs, which mostly have higher power than the OBCs and sometimes a different converter type, it is unknown if similar or other effects can be expected.…”

Section: Supraharmonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures - An Overview

Wang

Qin

Slangen³

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Power Electron.

243

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With growing concern on climate change, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is important. One of the main barriers to EV acceptance is range anxiety, which can be alleviated by fast charging (FC). The main technology constraints for enabling FC consist of high-charging-rate batteries, high-power-charging infrastructure, and grid impacts. Although these technical aspects have been studied in literature individually, there is no comprehensive review on FC involving all the perspectives. Moreover, the power quality (PQ) problems of fast charging stations (FCSs) and the mitigation of these problems are not clearly summarized in the literature. In this paper, the state-of-the-art technology, standards for FC (CHAdeMO, GB/T, CCS, and Tesla), power quality issues, IEEE and IEC PQ standards, and mitigation measures of FCSs are systematically reviewed. Index Terms-Charging stations, Electric vehicles, Power quality, Power system stability I. INTRODUCTION G ROWING concern about climate change intensifies the trend towards decarbonization and interest in clean technology. As a substitute for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), EVs powered by renewable electricity, can reduce petroleum usage and greenhouse emission [1], [2]. Besides, new technologies on the powertrain of EVs, e.g., wide-bandgap-component based motor drive that improves battery-towheel efficiency [3], make EVs more competitive on energy saving. The convenience of EV recharging significantly influences EV adoption and utilization. The charging power level is generally categorized into two classes-the slow charging and the FC. Typically, the former signifies the distributed charging at home, and public destinations, with the power rated lower than the maximum household power (e.g., 22 kW in European Union and 19kW in the United States [4]). On the contrary, fast chargers have a higher power rating and are typically used in FCSs. The charging modes are standardized in IEC 61851-1 [5] and SAE J1772 [1], according to the type of the input current (AC or DC) and the power level. In IEC 61851-1, four charging modes are defined, where Mode 1, 2, and 3 are the AC charging mode and Mode 4 is DC charging mode. Moreover, only Mode 3 and 4 support the FC. In SAE J1772, the EV charging is classified as three levels, where Level 1 and 2 are the slow charging via AC on-board chargers (OBCs), and Level 3 is the FC via DC off-board charger. Due to the space and weight constraints of the AC OBC, it has a limited maximum power rating, e.g., 43 kW for Mode 3 in IEC 61851-1. Thus, the mainstream FC is through the DC This project has received funding from the Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 876868. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Germany,

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Section: Supraharmonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures - An Overview

Wang

Qin

Slangen³

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Power Electron.

243

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“…These emissions are mainly generated by new power electronic topologies, operating with switching frequencies above 2 kHz, in order to optimize the energy efficiency. The increasing number of such devices leads to more frequent and higher levels of emissions in frequencies above 9 kHz [1,36]. If the voltage levels of the emissions exceed the compatibility levels, the performance of other connected devices can be disturbed [36,37].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing number of such devices leads to more frequent and higher levels of emissions in frequencies above 9 kHz [1,36]. If the voltage levels of the emissions exceed the compatibility levels, the performance of other connected devices can be disturbed [36,37]. Both the voltage levels and the propagation distances of these emissions are highly determined by the grid impedance.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If any of these filters are connected near a Smart Meter operating at these frequencies, the communication may be seriously affected. In these situations, the proper characterization of the grid impedance in the field by using a reliable measurement method will provide useful information to guarantee a deep analysis of the communications channel [36].…”

Section: Relative Amplitude Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Measurement Methods of LV Grid Access Impedance in the Frequency Range Assigned to Nb‑Plc Technologies

et al. 2019

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The paper presents and evaluates three advanced methods for the characterization of the low-voltage (LV) grid access impedance for the frequency range assigned to Narrow Band-Power Line Communications (NB-PLC): 9 kHz to 500 kHz. This study responds to the recent demand from both regulatory bodies and Distribution System Operators about the need for accurate and validated methods for this frequency band, due to the limited knowledge of the impedance values in the electrical grid and their influence on NB-PLC transmission channels. In this paper, the results of a collaborative work to develop different proposals to overcome the challenges for the proper characterization of the frequency and time-varying grid impedance, from different theoretical approaches, are presented. The methods are compared in a controlled and isolated scenario: the impedance characterization of passive filters. Then, the results are validated two-fold: first, against theoretical simulations, based on the schematics provided by the manufacturer, and second, against the measurement results of a precision impedance meter, used as a reference of accuracy. The results demonstrate a high degree of precision of the three proposals to characterize the access impedance of the LV grid.

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“…Some sources of supraharmonics in MV networks are: wind-turbines and parks [1], solar parks [2], static frequency converters (SFC) in railway systems [3], and voltage source converter (VSC)-based transmission controllers [4]. Due to the increasing use of these technologies, during the last decade, supraharmonics in medium-voltage (MV) [2], [3], [5] and low-voltage (LV) [6], [7] grids have received increasing attention. The emission from these sources might have several supraharmonic components in the range 2 to 150 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of MV Cable Terminations Due to Supraharmonic Voltages: A Risk Indicator

Espín-Delgado

Letha²,

Rönnberg³

et al. 2020

IEEE Open J. Ind. Applicat.

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This paper addresses the accelerated aging of medium-voltage (MV) cable terminations with resistive stress-grading due to supraharmonics. The paper introduces a simple and quick way to relate the risk of cable termination failure to the characteristics of supraharmonic distortion in the system. The motivation is to give practical recommendations and guidelines to evaluate the risk of failure of cable terminations under the presence of supraharmonics in MV networks. The underlying model relates the heating in the cable termination linearly with the frequency of the voltage applied and proportionally with the square of the magnitude of the voltage. The indicator can be used to decide whether given levels and frequencies of supraharmonics in the MV network represent a risk to cable terminations. The parameters of the cable termination design are not needed for that decision. However, the decision criterion is based on one sample data (Eagle Pass) and more field information is crucial to improve the approach. INDEX TERMS Dielectric breakdown, dielectric losses, power cable insulation, power quality, power system harmonics, supraharmonics.

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Overview and Classification of Interferences in the Frequency Range 2–150 kHz (Supraharmonics)

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures - An Overview

Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures - An Overview

Comparison of Measurement Methods of LV Grid Access Impedance in the Frequency Range Assigned to Nb‑Plc Technologies

Failure of MV Cable Terminations Due to Supraharmonic Voltages: A Risk Indicator

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