Overview on “Regulations of herbal medicine”

Yevale, Rupali; Khan, Nilofar A.; Kalamkar, Priyanka

doi:10.22271/phyto.2018.v7.isp6.1.14

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Option B: Adherence to import nation regulations as long as they are tougher than option A above. (43)(44)(45)(46)(47) Herbal goods are categorized in India according to their intended purpose and the legal system they are subject to. In India, the following are the main categories for herbal products:…”

Section: E-issn: 2321-6794 [30]mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Herbal Regulations and Approval Process in India and Europe

Sahane,

Basarkar

2023

Int J Drug Reg Affairs

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The main suppliers of herbal plants and medications are India and Europe. People prefer using plants and herbs as remedies over synthetic ones since they have fewer adverse effects. In India, AYUSH, CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organization), AND D&C Act 1940 & 1945(amendment) all control herbal medications. In India, AYUSH systems have been developed to house almost 8000 herbal medications. While in Europe, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Herbal Medicinal Products Committee (HMPC) are in charge of overseeing herbal medications. The regulation of herbal goods in India and Europe is the subject of this essay.

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Section: E-issn: 2321-6794 [30]mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Herbal Regulations and Approval Process in India and Europe

Sahane,

Basarkar

2023

Int J Drug Reg Affairs

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“…The present study aims to explore the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of five commercially available EOs-well-known for their phytotherapeutic applications-against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Four essential oils (Eucalyptus oil, Rosemary oil, Clove oil, and Peppermint oil) are registered by EMA as HMPs for human and veterinary use [45], having a periodically updated monography (Table 1) [46]. Moreover, they have individual monographs in Ph.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Different Samples of Five Commercially Available Essential Oils

Neagu

Popovici

Ionescu³

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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Essential oils (EOs) have gained economic importance due to their biological activities, and increasing amounts are demanded everywhere. However, substantial differences between the same essential oil samples from different suppliers are reported—concerning their chemical composition and bioactivities—due to numerous companies involved in EOs production and the continuous development of online sales. The present study investigates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two to four samples of five commercially available essential oils (Oregano, Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Clove, and Peppermint oils) produced by autochthonous companies. The manufacturers provided all EOs’ chemical compositions determined through GC-MS. The EOs’ bioactivities were investigated in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects (ABE% and, respectively, ABfE%) were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 562 and 570 nm using microplate cultivation techniques. The essential oils’ calculated parameters were compared with those of three standard broad-spectrum antibiotics: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Gentamycin, and Streptomycin. The results showed that at the first dilution (D1 = 25 mg/mL), all EOs exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, and MIC value > 25 mg/mL. Generally, both effects progressively decreased from D1 to D3. Only EOs with a considerable content of highly active metabolites revealed insignificant differences. E. coli showed the lowest susceptibility to all commercially available essential oils—15 EO samples had undetected antibacterial and antibiofilm effects at D2 and D3. Peppermint and Clove oils recorded the most significant differences regarding chemical composition and antibacterial/antibiofilm activities. All registered differences could be due to different places for harvesting the raw plant material, various technological processes through which these essential oils were obtained, the preservation conditions, and complex interactions between constituents.

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