Oxidation mechanism of metallic chromium at room temperature

Cortazar‐Martínez, Orlando; Torres-Ochoa, Jorge-Alejandro; Raboño‐Borbolla, Joaquin‐Gerardo; Herrera-Gómez, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148636

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Two intense peaks at the 781.93 and 796.57 eV binding energies correspond to Co 2p 3/2 and Co 2p 1/2 orbits appearing at a high-resolution XPS spectrum of the Co 2p region. The survey spectrum of the nanoparticles reveals the appearance of two peaks with their 3/2 branch at 576.82 and 587.58 eV, which is associated with Cr 3+ where the peak at 578.58 eV binding energy can be correlated to the presence of Cr 6+ …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Prussian Blue Analogue and Its Catalytic Activity toward Reduction of Environmentally Toxic Nitroaromatic Pollutants

et al. 2022

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Nitroanilines are environmentally toxic pollutants which are released into aquatic systems due to uncontrolled industrialization. Therefore, it is crucial to convert these hazardous nitroanilines into a harmless or beneficial counterpart. In this context, we present the chemical reduction of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) by NaBH 4 utilizing Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as nanocatalyst. PBAs can serve as inexpensive, eco-friendly, and easily fabricated nanocatalysts. PBA cobalt tetracyanonickelate hexacyanochromate (CoTCNi/HCCr) was stoichiometrically prepared by a facile chemical coprecipitation. Chemical, phase, composition, and molecular interactions were investigated by XRD, EDX, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, SEM and TEM micrographs were utilized to visualize the microstructure of the nanomaterial. The findings revealed the synthesized PBA of the cubic phase and their particles in nanosheets. The band gap was estimated from the optical absorption within the UV−vis region to be 3.70 and 4.05 eV. The catalytic performance of PBA for the reduction of 4-NA was monitored by UV−vis spectroscopy. The total reduction time of 4-NA by PBA was achieved within 270 s, and the computed rate constant (k) was 0.0103 s −1 . The synthesized PBA nanoparticles have the potential to be used as efficient nanocatalysts for the reduction of different hazardous nitroaromatics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The survey spectrum of the nanoparticles reveals the appearance of two peaks with their 3/ 2 branch at 576.82 and 587.58 eV, which is associated with Cr 3+ where the peak at 578.58 eV binding energy can be correlated to the presence of Cr 6+ . 43 3.2. Microstructure and Morphological Analysis.…”

Section: Structural Composition and Molecular Interaction Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Prussian Blue Analogue and Its Catalytic Activity toward Reduction of Environmentally Toxic Nitroaromatic Pollutants

et al. 2022

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“…Low-resolution TEM (LRTEM) (Figure B) shows nanoparticles with an average size of 12 ± 2 nm. High-resolution TEM (Figure C) shows a monocrystalline CrSn 2 core with a lighter-contrast shell; this shell is presumably composed of chromium and tin oxides, due to the known tendency of both metals to oxidize under ambient conditions. , The TEM size determination was in good agreement with the model fit to SAXS data (Figure D), which also gave 12 ± 2 nm mean size. Injection of n -BuLi following a short induction period at 250 °C was necessary to form the CrSn 2 phase, as only β–Sn was observed via XRD when this reductant was not used (Figure S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Pot Size-Controlled Synthesis of Tin- and Antimony-Based Intermetallic Nanoparticles

et al. 2022

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Intermetallic nanoparticles show unique electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. Nonetheless, methods of their synthesis with both size and phase control are scarce, restricting exploration of these materials’ applications. We demonstrate synthetic protocols toward freestanding intermetallic nanoparticles consisting of d-block transition metals and p-block metals/metalloids, including CrSn2, MnSn2, FeSn2, MnSb, FeSb2, and CoSb. Reaction variables such as precursor type, temperature, reagent concentration, and reducing agent are all shown to affect the size and/or phase of the intermetallic nanoparticles. The ubiquity of these protocols is demonstrated by showing the magnetic characterization of MnSb nanoparticles as a function of both size and Mn/Sb stoichiometry. The synthetic protocols established here are expected to be readily adaptable to other intermetallic systems.

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“…1:2, 2:3, and 3:4, respectively, where the precise theoretical values are given by Scofield, 15 (iii) in general, each different oxidation state for an element produces a pair of spin-orbit peaks at a different pair of binding energies, and (iv) the energy differences between spin-orbit doublets are quite constant (they only depend a little on sample chemistry). 16 While, in some cases, the energy difference between the spin-orbit peaks of an element is quite small, e.g., the Al and Si 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 peaks overlap significantly, 17 for some orbitals they are relatively large so pairs of fit components must be included for each chemical state. The three panels in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective on improving the quality of surface and material data analysis in the scientific literature with a focus on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

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Austin

et al. 2023

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A

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Due to significant advances in instrumentation, many previously specialized techniques have become “routine” in user facilities. However, detailed knowledge held by experts has often not been relayed to general users, so they often rely on entry-level information, basic principles, and comparison with literature results for data analysis. As a result, major errors in the data analysis of multiple surface and material analysis techniques, including in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), have been appearing in the scientific literature. Representative examples of serious errors in XPS data analysis are shown in this work. We suggest that surface and material analysis, and perhaps even science in general, are in a state of “pre-crisis.” We use two (logistic) models from population biology to suggest that bad analyses self-correct if they remain below a critical number. However, beyond a threshold, the literature can become useless because of the perpetuation of faulty analyses and concomitant loss of its self-correcting ability. XPS is used by scientists in many communities because of the power of the technique and high-quality instrumentation that is commercially available. Those who make new surfaces and materials face unique challenges because of the large number of surface and material analytical techniques that are often needed to characterize their materials. Graduate students and post-docs are often provided with only minimal instruction on using surface and material characterization methods. High fees for instruments may affect both the quality and the quantity of the data people collect. The Prisoner's Dilemma is a model from game theory that describes situations with reward structures that encourage uncooperative behavior and lead to suboptimal outcomes. However, the outcomes of Prisoner's Dilemma are not inevitable—their consequences change if their reward structures change. The current system does not appear to incentivize detailed learning of surface and material characterization techniques and careful material characterization. Prisoner's dilemmas appear to lead to other undesirable consequences in science. The concerns raised in this work suggest that many manuscripts are incompletely reviewed at present. The different stakeholders in this problem, including authors, research advisers, subject matter experts, reviewers, scientists who notice examples of faulty data analysis, editors, journals and publishers, funding agencies, scientific societies, leaders at universities and research centers, and instrument vendors, can improve the current situation. This work provides specific recommendations for each of these stakeholders. For example, we believe that authors are primarily responsible for the correctness of their work, not reviewers or editors; we question the wisdom of listing the names of the editor and reviewers on a paper; we are grateful for the significant contributions that have been made by subject matter experts to produce standards and tutorial information; the high cost of instrument time at some institutions may limit student access and result in suboptimal analyses; staff scientists often need to be better recognized for their intellectual contributions to studies; publishers may wish to allow selective reviewing of specific sections of papers related to material characterization; the reviewing at some open access journals may be inadequate; while it had its shortcomings, the pre-open access model of publishing incentivized the production and publication of high-quality work; audits of the products (scientific papers) of funding agencies may be necessary; collaboration needs to be encouraged to a greater extent at some institutions; and instrument vendors should not suggest to potential customers that surface characterization, e.g., by XPS, is trivial or simple.

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Oxidation mechanism of metallic chromium at room temperature

Cited by 26 publications

References 45 publications

Synthesis of Prussian Blue Analogue and Its Catalytic Activity toward Reduction of Environmentally Toxic Nitroaromatic Pollutants

Synthesis of Prussian Blue Analogue and Its Catalytic Activity toward Reduction of Environmentally Toxic Nitroaromatic Pollutants

One-Pot Size-Controlled Synthesis of Tin- and Antimony-Based Intermetallic Nanoparticles

Perspective on improving the quality of surface and material data analysis in the scientific literature with a focus on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

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