Oxidation of gold by ultraviolet light and ozone at 25 °C

King, David E.

doi:10.1116/1.579869

Cited by 163 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In this regard, we believe that gold is perhaps the material that is least prone to form a surface oxide. Nevertheless, even gold forms an oxide – Au 2 O 3 – when cleaned in a UV-ozone tool [26]. While this particular oxide sublimes at a temperature somewhat below 200 °C, an extremely stable oxide of unknown structure has been observed to form at 500 °C and an oxygen pressure of 6×10 −7 torr [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing electrostatic charging of an aperture used to produce in-focus phase contrast in the TEM

et al. 2013

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Microfabricated devices designed to provide phase contrast in the transmission electron microscope must be free of phase distortions caused by unexpected electrostatic effects. We find that such phase distortions occur even when a device is heated to 300 °C during use in order to avoid the formation of polymerized, carbonaceous contamination. Remaining factors that could cause unwanted phase distortions include patchy variations in the work function of a clean metal surface, radiation-induced formation of a localized oxide layer, and creation of a contact potential between an irradiated area and the surround due to radiation-induced structural changes. We show that coating a microfabricated device with evaporated carbon apparently eliminates the problem of patchy variation in the work function. Furthermore, we show that a carbon-coated titanium device is superior to a carbon-coated gold device, with respect to radiation-induced electrostatic effects. A carbon-coated, hybrid double-sideband/single-sideband aperture is used to record in-focus, cryo-EM images of monolayer crystals of streptavidin. Images showing no systematic phase error due to charging are achievable under conditions of low-dose data collection. The contrast in such in-focus images is sufficient that one can readily see individual streptavidin tetramer molecules. Nevertheless, these carbon-coated devices perform well for only a limited length of time, and the cause of failure is not yet understood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing electrostatic charging of an aperture used to produce in-focus phase contrast in the TEM

et al. 2013

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“…19,20 In this study we did not inject any hydrocarbons in our mildly baked ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber. In particular, we aimed to show the hydrocarbons adsorption dynamics on the Au surface and its gradual transformation into graphite during the course of EUV irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon contamination and oxidation of Au surfaces under extreme ultraviolet radiation: An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study

Al-Ajlony

Kanjilal

Harilal

et al. 2012

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phen

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Articles you may be interested inProbing temporal evolution of extreme ultraviolet assisted contamination on Ru mirror by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 30, 021601 (2012); 10.1116/1.3680122 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the formation of catalytic gold nanoparticles on ultraviolet-ozone oxidized GaAs ( 100 ) substrates Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation-induced carbon contamination and oxidation of Au surfaces were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Au sample was irradiated by EUV radiation at 13.5 nm for 9 h, while a series of XPS spectra were recorded for monitoring chemical modification during EUV exposure. XPS analysis showed that total carbon contamination (C 1s peak) at the surface was increased by $14% after 9 h of EUV exposure, while the C-H component played a dominant role within the first 60 min of EUV irradiation, giving a sharp rise of the corresponding C 1s peak intensity, followed by a slow and linear increase in intensity of the C-C bonds. The later one represents an accumulation of carbon due to the EUV-assisted dissociation of residual hydrocarbons on Au surface. Oxide state of Au was also noticed to be formed during EUV irradiation, and was found to increase continuously before reaching its maximum followed by a progressive decay. The role of water dissociation in the presence of EUV radiation was discussed and correlated with Au oxidation phenomenon.

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“…112 Largely attributed to hydrocarbon contamination, "clean" cellulose sources contain 5-7% C1 carbon, making absolute comparison of cellulose carbon contents extremely difficult, particularly between different research labs and equipment.…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals: From the Laboratory to Industrial Production

2016

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Abstract:The renewability, biocompatibility and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have made them an attractive material for numerous composite, biomedical and rheological applications. However, for CNCs to shift from laboratory curiosity to commercial applications, researchers must transition from CNCs extracted at the bench scale to material produced at an industrial scale. There are a number of companies currently producing kilogram to ton per day quantities of sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNCs, as well as other nanocelluloses, as described herein.With the recent intensification of industrially produced CNCs, the variety of cellulose sources, hydrolysis methods and purification procedures, characterization of these materials becomes critical. This has further been justified by the past two decades of research which demonstrate that CNC stability and behaviour is highly dependent on surface chemistry, surface charge density and particle size. This work outlines key test methods that should be employed to characterize these properties to ensure a "known" starting material and consistent performance.Of the sulfuric acid-extracted CNCs examined, industrially produced material compared well with laboratory-made CNCs, exhibiting similar charge density, colloidal and thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology and self-assembly behaviour. In addition, it was observed that further purification of CNCs, using Soxhlet extraction in ethanol, had minimal impact on nanoparticle properties and is unlikely to be necessary for many applications. Overall the current standing of industrially produced CNCs is positive suggesting that the evolution to commercial scale applications will not be hindered by CNC production.

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Oxidation of gold by ultraviolet light and ozone at 25 °C

Cited by 163 publications

References 28 publications

Minimizing electrostatic charging of an aperture used to produce in-focus phase contrast in the TEM

Minimizing electrostatic charging of an aperture used to produce in-focus phase contrast in the TEM

Carbon contamination and oxidation of Au surfaces under extreme ultraviolet radiation: An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study

Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals: From the Laboratory to Industrial Production

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