Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Implications for Vascular and Other Complications

Abstract

In recent decades, oxidative stress has become a focus of interest in most biomedical disciplines and many types of clinical research. Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. Based on these studies, an emerging concept is that oxidative stress is the “final common pathway” through which the risk factors for several diseases exert their deleterious effects. Oxidative stress causes a complex dysregulation of cell metabolism and cell–cell homeostasis; in particular, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. These are the two most relevant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients.

Sestrin2 inhibits uncoupling protein 1 expression through suppressing reactive oxygen species

“…Antioxidants were once thought to be beneficial for treating age-and obesity-associated metabolic derangements because excessive ROS accumulation was considered a cause of diverse pathologies, such as chronic inflammation, fibrotic damage, and insulin resistance (2,43,44). However, many animal and human clinical studies failed to show benefits of antioxidants in treating age-or obesity-associated diseases (12,14) and revealed several harmful side effects instead (45)(46)(47)(48).…”

“…Accumulation of ROS has been associated with diverse degenerative diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome (2)(3)(4). To minimize detrimental consequences of ROS accumulation, cells are equipped with various antioxidant proteins, including superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxins, and sestrins (5)(6)(7).…”

A Combination of Prebiotic Inulin and Oligofructose Improve Some of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

“…3 Increased oxidative stress plays a key role in the initiation, propagation and development of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. 4 Improvement of serum lipids and oxidative stress are associated with better glycemic control. Dietary intervention can alter the potential consequence of oxidative stress and lipid abnormalities.…”

Influence of glycemic control on some real-time biomarkers of free radical formation in type 2 diabetic patients: An EPR study

“…5,6 Free radicals generated through glycation may accelerate the oxidation reactions in the vascular walls, thereby contributing significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. [7][8][9][10] Hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide is the causal link between high glucose and the pathways responsible for hyperglycemic damage. Through the use of complex laboratory equipment, it has been shown that the samples taken from patients with type 2 diabetes have increased levels of lipids, DNA, DNA bases and proteins.…”