the upgrading of biomass into biofuels and platform chemicals will need to be developed and integrated into new/existing chemical processes. [2] The large volumes and wide geographical distribution of lignocellulosic biomass means that it will undoubtedly play a key role as a biorenewable feedstock for bulk chemical production. [3] In this approach, fermentative processes are used to depolymerize lignocellulose biomass into sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose), with these monomers then transformed into low-value feedstocks such as bioethanol, succinic acid, glutamic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. [4] Although highly promising, technological difficulties associated with large-scale catalytic upgrading of these highly oxygenated biopolymers cause significant problems that still need to be overcome before lignocellulose-based biorefineries become more widely established. [5] Monoterpenes (and monoterpenoids) represent an alternative biomass source for the production of biofuels, polymers, and chemicals that are available in significant volumes at low cost. Significant amounts of commercially available monoterpenes are currently produced as products and waste from the forestry and agricultural industries, all of which can be considered as potentially useful biorenewable feedstocks for fuel and chemical production. These include turpentine (≈360 000 tonnes pa), limonene-containing citrus oil (≈30 000 tonnes pa), mentholcontaining mint oil (≈20 000 tonnes pa), and 1,8-cineole from eucalyptus oil (≈7000 tonnes pa with an estimated multimillion tonne production potential per annum). [6] The structures of these energy-dense, lightly oxygenated, alkene-containing C 10 building blocks more closely resemble those of petroleum-based hydrocarbons, which means they can potentially be catalytically upgraded using existing refining technologies to produce a wide range of chemical products (including aromatics).Crude sulfate turpentine (CST) is the cheapest and most widely available source of monoterpene biomass, with around 260 000 tonnes of CST produced as a waste by-product of the paper industry annually. High pressure cooking of wood chips to produce paper pulp in the Kraft process generates around 15 kg of CST per tonne of pulp, [7] which is comprised of a mixture of monoterpenes and around 5% volatile sulfur compounds (e.g., Me 2 S). [6a] A further annual 100 000 tonnes of pinene-rich gum turpentine (GT) is also produced through sustainable tapping of the trunks of living trees. The major monoterpene components of turpentine are α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene, along with small amounts of camphene and C 15 A terpene-based biorefinery is described that uses crude sulfate turpentine (CST) and gum turpentine (GT) to produce mixtures of p-menthadienes (p-MeDs) as biorenewable terpene feedstocks. An acid catalyzed ring opening reaction (6 m aq. H 2 SO 4 , 90 °C) is first used to convert the major bicyclic monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, and 3-carene) in untreated CST (or GT with 5 mol% Me 2 S) into mixtures of ...