“…Numerous algorithms have been invented to tackle the DOA estimation problem, and among them, the subspace-based estimation algorithms are well known for their capacity to give a high-resolution estimation. These include MUSIC (Multiple SIgnal Classification), ES-PRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques), Root-MUSIC (R-MUSIC) [1][2][3], homotopy method [4,5], multigrid method [6,7], and multigrid-homotopy method [8]. However, in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments, they suffer from significant biases.…”