“…The deformation displacement formula of each actuated mode can be presented in Table 1 in terms of the applied voltage U. PAs are widely applied in precision engineering due to the advantage of simplicity in structure, high resolution, fast response, and large drive force. However, the intrinsic hysteretic property of the PAs severely influences the positioning performance, which is sensitive to temperature and frequency (Al Janaideh et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2019;Manikantan et al, 2022). Due to such an external environment as in outer space, self-heating, heating of the nearby instrument, and other natural sources, the PA's temperature variation is inevitable, which affects the hysteretic effect (Ko¨hler and Rinderknecht, 2013;Liu et al, 2020;Sofla et al, 2012).…”