Parasitological, serological, and molecular survey of trypanosomosis (Surra) in camels slaughtered in northwestern Nigeria

Mamman, S. A.; Dakul, DA; Yohanna, JA; Dogo, Goni Abraham; Reuben, Rine Christopher; Ogunleye, O. O.; Tyem, D. A.; Peter, Joana G; Kamani, Joshua

doi:10.1007/s11250-021-02891-0

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this study, camels with poor body condition had a higher risk of T. evansi infection compared to camels with good body condition. Similar results have been reported in camels from Nigeria 8 , which contrasts with the findings of Gerem, et al 27 , who found non-significant association between T. evansi infection and camel body condition in Ethiopia. There is a link between animal immunity and level of nutrition was reported 49 , thus camels with poor body condition are unable to resist infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Direct microscopic examination of stained or wet blood films is used for parasitological identification, although it has a low sensitivity since parasitaemia is intermittent 7 . Additionally, the World Organization for Animal Health has suggested the card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT/ T. evansi ) as a quick diagnostic test 8 . Since the introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques, several diagnostic assays based on trypanosomal DNA PCR detection have been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Selim

Alafari

Attia

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Surra is a non-cyclic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and spread by biting flies. The disease has a severe impact on camel health, productivity, and market value, posing a significant threat to food safety and the economy. In a cross-sectional study, 370 blood samples were collected from camels in three Egyptian governorates. Samples were tested using parasitological (thin blood smear (TBS)), card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT), and PCR to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. evansi among examined camels was 17.3%, 18.9% and 22.7% using TBS, CATT and PCR methods, respectively. The risk of T. evansi infection in older camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odds ratio (OR) = 9; 95% CI: 3.5–23.1), particularly during spring (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1–5.7). Furthermore, females and poor conditioned camels were 2.6 and four times more likely to get infection than males and good conditioned camels, respectively. The level of agreement between diagnostics tests were perfect kappa (> 0.83). Moreover, CATT showed higher sensitivity (0.83; 95% CI: 0.74–0.91) than TBS (0.76; 95% CI: 0.66–0.85) and both had perfect specificity (100%). In conclusion, our findings revealed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three Egyptian governorates. The CATT is a good test for routine use in control program of trypanosomiasis in camels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Selim

Alafari

Attia

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The present study showed a significantly higher prevalence of trypanosomosis in emaciated camels compared with camels in good or moderate BC status. Similar results have been reported in camels from Egypt [32] and Nigeria [48], although a study in Ethiopia reported a lack of significant association between infection and BC score [22]. Two different scenarios could account for the higher prevalence in poorly conditioned animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia

Alemu,

Abebe

2023

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease with adverse effects on camel health, production, and working efficiency. Despite this, camel trypanosomosis has received much less attention in Ethiopia compared with the disease in cattle and other animals. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis, identify the potential risk factors, and determine the importance of trypanosomosis in causing anemia in camels in the Gorodola and Liben districts in the Guji Zone of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. To this end, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 450 camels in heparinized capillary tubes and analyzed for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi using the buffy coat technique and Giemsa-stained thin smears. T. evansi infection was detected in 24 (5.3%) of the 450 camels examined. Out of the four variables analyzed in this study, two factors, such as body condition (BC) score and age, were found to be significantly ( P < 0.05 ) associated with trypanosomosis in camels. A higher prevalence of trypanosomosis was observed in camels in poor BC (13.22%) than in camels in good (4.62%) or moderate (1.01%) BC. Likewise, adult camels (8.09%) were infected more frequently than young camels (1.12%), whereas no trypanosomes were detected in camel calves under 2 years of age. No significant statistical difference was found between the two districts, and male and female camels ( P > 0.05 ). Statistically, the mean packed cell volume was significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) in parasitemic camels ( 26.5 % ± 7 ) as compared with aparasitemic camels ( 33.9 % ± 9.1 ). In conclusion, the current study conducted during a dry season showed a moderate prevalence of trypanosomosis in camels. Further studies using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, such as miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique, serology, or molecular tests, are needed to establish a true epidemiological dataset on the prevalence and seasonality of the disease and its vectors in the study area to recommend viable control measures.

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“…This test determine antibodies of T. evansi experimentally and naturally infected animals, while this test cannot determine T. vivax or T. congolense because of the difficulty of identifying suitable variable antigens of these species [18].…”

Section: Card Agglutination Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Protozoan Parasites Infecting Camels, Diagnosis and Control – A Review

Toaleb,

Shaapan

2024

Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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AMELS are important domesticated animals that provide milk and dietary meats, as well as they are working animals that represent vital means of transportation, especially in desert habitats. However, they are susceptible to many parasitic diseases, which lead to substantial economic losses related to reducing productivity and performance along with fatalities in severe cases. Camels also carry pathogens and may transmit them to humans and other animals. Parasitic infections in camels include protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. There are many protozoal diseases that affect and endanger camels such as blood protozoa (trypanosomiasis, babesiosis and theileriosis), gastrointestinal protozoa (eimeriosis and cryptosporidiosis), and tissue protozoa (sarcocystosis and toxoplasmosis). Microscopical diagnosis of parasitic protozoan diseases is usually dependent on the detection of the parasites in blood smear in case of blood parasites and fecal examination to detect the protozoal oocysts. Other methods such as micro-hematocrit centrifugation (MHCT) and quantitative buffy coat methods are used in the diagnosis of certain parasites such as the detection of motile and live trypanosomes. Histopathology can also be used, and different serological assays. Moreover, molecular diagnosis is used for the accurate identification of parasite species such Camel, Parasites disease, Zoonotic Protozoa, Diagnosis, Control as Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. This review highlights different diagnostic techniques and strategies for controlling parasitic protozoan diseases in camels. Also outlines of different control and management protocols to reduce the risk of this parasitic infection in camels by using chemical drugs, natural products (plant extracts and bee products), biological control, and by some vaccination trials.

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Parasitological, serological, and molecular survey of trypanosomosis (Surra) in camels slaughtered in northwestern Nigeria

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia

Zoonotic Protozoan Parasites Infecting Camels, Diagnosis and Control – A Review

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