The participation of end-users in the design and evaluation of technologies has long been an important principle in human-computer interaction. This article reports a study to ascertain to what extent children using participatory methods could effectively design for a surrogate population. Fifty children, from a UK primary school, participated in a design activity to specify a serious game for children in Uganda. The children's designs were analyzed and were shown to have effectively incorporated learning and gaming aspects. Based on these designs a serious game was developed. This new serious game and the commercial game Angry Birds were both evaluated for fun with 25 children in Uganda, using the Fun Toolkit and the This or That method. The results suggested that the children found both games fun, thus confirming that the children in the United Kingdom could effectively design a fun game for a surrogate population. Despite the positive results, the reliability of the evaluation methods is questioned. Inconsistencies were noted within the individual evaluation tools and the comparative results for some constructs yielded a low reliability score. We conclude that further research is required to establish suitable evaluation methods for evaluating fun with children in developing countries.Gavin Sim (grsim@uclan.ac.uk) is a computer scientist with an interest in human-computer interaction, usability, user experience, and child-computer interaction; he is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire. Janet C. Read (jcread@uclan.ac.uk) is a computer scientist with an interest in child-computer interaction, handwriting recognition, and interaction design; she is a Professor in the School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire. Peggy Gregory (ajgregory@uclan.ac.uk) is a computer scientist with an interest in agile methodologies, health informatics, and child-computer interaction; she is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire. Diana Xu (YFXu@uclan.ac.uk) is a researcher with an interest in child-computer interaction, tangible computing, and serious games; she is a Research Assistant in the School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire.Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline. com/hhci.
264Sim et al.