Particulate air pollution, social confounders, and mortality in small areas of an industrial city

A Review of Urban Air Pollution Monitoring and Exposure Assessment Methods

“…Ordinary kriging is the most general and widely used method [63][64][65]. Universal kriging is usually used when the existence of the trend is certain and the trend is describable [5,66]. Researchers have explored their use in different applications [17,67].…”

“…They also proved the association between PM 2.5 concentrations and atherosclerosis, which underlaid many cardiovascular diseases. Jerrett et al utilized a universal kriging procedure to develop an estimate of pollutant values cross the whole city using data from 23 monitoring stations in Hamilton, ON, Canada [5,68]. They also found significant associations between cardio-respiratory, cancer mortality and the exposure to these pollutants O 3 , NO 2 , PM 10 .…”

“…For legislatory purposes, policymakers have been installing monitoring stations or systems across many cities [4,5]. As a consequence, current systems measure air pollution at a very low spatial resolution, e.g., only 22 stations covering a 50 × 50 km 2 (113 km 2 per station) in Beijing, 14 stations covering 1572 km 2 (112 km 2 per station) in London, and 61 stations (221 km 2 per station) in Flanders, Belgium.…”

Air pollution, deprivation and health: understanding relationships to add value to local air quality management policy and practice in Wales, UK

“…These have generally found that area-level air pollution status is associated with significant increases in all-cause non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality risk in high-deprivation compared with less-deprived areas. 18,25,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Weak relationships of air pollution and deprivation with morbidity (respiratory hospital admissions) have been reported. 51,57 While it is often difficult to compare studies because of inconsistencies in research approaches and methods, in the main, interactions between air pollution and socio-economic factors have been found to modify and compound the health effects associated with each variable individually.…”

Air Pollution and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome

“…Proximity to main roads and photochemical industrialized zones was also applied by using geographic information system (GIS). Reliable measurements of daily SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and PM 10 concentrations were available from several air monitoring stations by using various extrapolation method, such as kriging to predict the spatial distribution of the air pollutants (Pikhart et al 2001;Mulholland et al, 1998;Jerrett et al 2005b). The kriging method, unlike proximity models (Jerrett et al 2005a), uses real pollution measurements in the computation of exposure estimates.…”